Human performance modeling: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:45, 30 March 2017

Revision as of 14:50, 30 March 2017

Line 4:

== History ==

The [[Human Factors and Ergonomics Society]] (HFES) formed the Human Performance Modeling Technical Group in 2004. Although a recent discipline, [[Human factors and ergonomics|human factors]] practitioners have been constructing and applying models of human performance since [[World War II]]. Notable early examples of human performance models include Paul Fitt's model of aimed motor movement (1954),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fitts | first1 = P. M. | year = 1954 | title = The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement | url = | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 47 | issue = 6| page = 381 | doi=10.1037/h0055392}}</ref> the choice reaction time models of Hick (1952)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hick | first1 = W. E. | year = 1952 | title = On the rate of gain of information | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 11–26 | doi=10.1080/17470215208416600}}</ref> and Hyman (1953),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hyman | first1 = R | year = 1953 | title = Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time | url = | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 45 | issue = 3| page = 188 | doi=10.1037/h0056940}}</ref> and the Swets et al. (1964) work on signal detection.<ref>Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1964). Decision processes in perception. ''Signal detection and recognition in human observers'', 3-57.</ref> It is suggested that the earliest developments in HPM arose out of the need to quantify human-system feedback for those military systems in development during WWII (see '''Manual Control Theory''' below); with continued interest in the development of these models augmented by the [[cognitive revolution]] (see '''''Cognition & Memory''''' below).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal

| last = Byrne

| first = Michael D.

Line 28:

Individual models vary in their origins, but share in their application and use for issues in the human factors perspective. These can be models of the products of human performance (e.g., a model that produces the same decision outcomes as human operators), the processes involved in human performance (e.g., a model that simulates the processes used to reach decisions), or both. Generally, they are regarded as belonging to one of three areas: perception & attention allocation, command & control, or cognition & memory; although models of other areas such as emotion, motivation, and social/group processes continue to grow burgeoning within the discipline. Integrated models are also of increasing importance<s>.</s> Anthropometric and biomechanical models are also crucial human factors tools in research and practice, and are used alongside other human performance models, but have an almost entirely separate intellectual history, being individually more concerned with static physical qualities than processes or interactions.<ref name=":1" />

The models are applicable in many number of industries and domains including military,<ref>Lawton, C. R., Campbell, J. E., & Miller, D. P. (2005). ''Human performance modeling for system of systems analytics: soldier fatigue'' (No. SAND2005-6569). Sandia National Laboratories.</ref><ref>Mitchell, D. K., & Samms, C. (2012). An Analytical Approach for Predicting Soldier Workload and Performance Using Human Performance Modeling. ''Human-Robot Interactions in Future Military Operations''.</ref> aviation,<ref>Foyle, D. C., & Hooey, B. L. (Eds.). (2007). ''Human performance modeling in aviation''. CRC Press.</ref> nuclear power,<ref>O’Hara, J. (2009). ''Applying Human Performance Models to Designing and Evaluating Nuclear Power Plants: Review Guidance and Technical Basis''. BNL-90676-2009). Upton, NY: Brookhaven National Laboratory.</ref> automotive,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lim | first1 = J. H. | last2 = Liu | first2 = Y. | last3 = Tsimhoni | first3 = O. | year = 2010 | title = Investigation of driver performance with night-vision and pedestrian-detection systems—Part 2: Queuing network human performance modeling | url = | journal = Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on | volume = 11 | issue = 4| pages = 765–772 | doi=10.1109/tits.2010.2049844}}</ref> space operations,<ref name=":2">McCarley, J. S., Wickens, C. D., Goh, J., & Horrey, W. J. (2002, September). A computational model of attention/situation awareness. In ''Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting'' (Vol. 46, No. 17, pp. 1669-1673). SAGE Publications.</ref> manufacturing,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baines | first1 = T. S. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J. M. | year = 2002 | title = Human performance modelling as an aid in the process of manufacturing system design: a pilot study | url = | journal = International Journal of Production Research | volume = 40 | issue = 10| pages = 2321–2334 | doi=10.1080/00207540210128198}}</ref> user experience/user interface (UX/UI) design,<ref name="Carolan, T. 2000, pp. 650-653"/> etc. and have been used to model human-system interactions both simple and complex.

== Model Categories ==

Line 60:

===== [[Visual search|Visual Search]] =====

A developed area in attention is the control of visual attention - models that attempt to answer, "where will an individual look next?" A subset of this concerns the question of visual search: How rapidly can a specified object in the visual field be located? This is a common subject of concern for human factors in a variety of domains, with a substantial history in cognitive psychology. This research continues with modern conceptions of [[Salience (neuroscience)|salience]] and [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Saliency_map salience maps]. Human performance modeling techniques in this area include the work of Melloy, Das, Gramopadhye, and Duchowski (2006) regarding [[Markov models]] designed to provide upper and lower bound estimates on the time taken by a human operator to scan a homogeneous display.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Melloy | first1 = B. J. | last2 = Das | first2 = S. | last3 = Gramopadhye | first3 = A. K. | last4 = Duchowski | first4 = A. T. | year = 2006 | title = A model of extended, semisystematic visual search | url = | journal = Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society | volume = 48 | issue = 3| pages = 540–554 | doi=10.1518/001872006778606840}}</ref> Another example from Witus and Ellis (2003) includes a computational model regarding the detection of ground vehicles in complex images.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Witus | first1 = G. | last2 = Ellis | first2 = R. D. | year = 2003 | title = Computational modeling of foveal target detection | url = | journal = Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society | volume = 45 | issue = 1| pages = 47–60 | doi=10.1518/hfes.45.1.47.27231}}</ref> Facing the nonuniform probability that a menu option is selected by a computer user when certain subsets of the items are highlighted, Fisher, Coury, Tengs, and Duffy (1989) derived an equation for the optimal number of highlighted items for a given number of total items of a given probability distribution.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fisher | first1 = D. L. | last2 = Coury | first2 = B. G. | last3 = Tengs | first3 = T. O. | last4 = Duffy | first4 = S. A. | year = 1989 | title = Minimizing the time to search visual displays: The role of highlighting | url = | journal = Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 167–182 }}</ref> Because visual search is an essential aspect of many tasks, visual search models are now developed in the context of integrating modeling systems. For example, Fleetwood and Byrne (2006) developed an ACT-R model of visual search through a display of labeled icons - predicting the effects of icon quality and set size not only on search time but on eye movements.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fleetwood | first1 = M. D. | last2 = Byrne | first2 = M. D. | year = 2006 | title = Modeling the visual search of displays: a revised ACT-R model of icon search based on eye-tracking data | url = | journal = Human-Computer Interaction | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 153–197 | doi=10.1207/s15327051hci2102_1}}</ref>

==== Visual Sampling ====