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===FRA waiver and Positive Train Control===
[[File:Stadler KISS of CFL in Trier in July 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Under U.S. federal regulations, light-weight trainsets such as this [[Stadler KISS]] belonging to [[Luxembourg]]'s [[Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois|CFL]] are not allowed to share rail lines with heavy freight trains.]]
As a result of the blended plan, PCJPB mandated that Peninsula Corridor infrastructure and equipment should be compatible with future [[California High-Speed Rail|California High-Speed Rail Authority]] (CHSRA) trains.<ref name=ProgRail>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.progressiverailroading.com/passenger_rail/article/At-Caltrain-running-electric-multiple-units-is-a-key-component-of-the-agencys-long-term-growth-plans--32040 |title=At Caltrain, running electric multiple units is a key component of the agency's long-term growth plans |author=Cotey, Angela |date=July 2007 |magazine=Progressive Railroading |accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> CHSRA had proposed that mandated speeds and transit times could be met by using lightweight vehicles that did not comply with Federal requirements,<ref name=ProgRail /> These requirements mandated separation between light and heavy rail equipment<ref>{{CodeFedReg |49|211|subpart=F|prefix=Appendix|A}}</ref> and structural strength.<ref>{{CodeFedReg |49|238|subpart=C}}</ref> Caltrain saw this as an opportunity to apply for an FRA waiver to run EMUs, which could accelerate faster and provide headways as low as five minutes.<ref name=FRAwaiver>{{cite report |url=http://www.caltrain.com/Assets/Caltrain+Modernization+Program/Documents/FRA+Waiver+2009/Caltrain+Mixed+Traffic+Request.pdf |title=Petition of Peninsula Joint Powers Board / Caltrain for approval of mixed use and waiver of certain federal railroad administration regulations pursuant to 49 C.F.R. Section 238.203, 49 C.F.R. Section 238.205, 49 C.F.R. Section 238.207, 49 C.F.R. Section 238.211, 49 C.F.R. Section 238.213 |author=Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board |date=December 2009 |publisher=Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board |accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> The December 2009 FRA waiver application detailed Caltrain's plans to instittute temporal separation of passenger and freight rail traffic north of Santa Clara, where freight traffic was restricted to the non-revenue hours, and the deployment of an enhanced PTC system, which Caltrain named CBOSS, designed to not only enforce positive train control, but also check for overspeed and protect rail workers.<ref name=FRAwaiver />
PTC had already been mandated by the [[Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008]], enacted in the wake of the fatal [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]] crash, and CBOSS includes Caltrain's implementation of the new regulations.<ref name=FRAwaiver /> In the FRA waiver application, Caltrain proposed a "defense-in-depth" philosophy for collisions: firstly, reduce the probability of collisions to nearly zero by employing temporal and spatial separation from freight rail, then mitigate the impact of a collision by deploying vehicles with crash energy management (CEM) structures.<ref name=FRAwaiver /> After review, the FRA waiver was granted in May 2010, marking the first time EMUs were allowed to share rails with freight in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/05/27/electric-train-plan-granted-key-waiver/ |title=Electric train plan granted key waiver |author=Rosenberg, Mike |date=27 May 2010 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> The grant was conditioned on meeting nine additional requirements, including demonstrating minimum crashworthiness, seating, improving grade crossing, meeting FRA PTC standards in 49 CFR 236<ref>{{CodeFedReg |49|236|subpart=I}}</ref> with CBOSS, formalizing the temporal separation plan, and issuing a safety system program.<ref>{{cite letter |url=https://www.regulations.gov/contentStreamer?documentId=FRA-2009-0124-0014&attachmentNumber=1&contentType=pdf |last=Cothen Jr. |first=Grady C. |recipient=Michael Scanlon |subject=Docket Number FRA-2009-0124 |date=27 May 2010 |accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>
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