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Community practice in social work is linked with the historical roots of the [[History of social work|profession's beginning]] in the United States. More specifically, the history of community-based social work has evolved from the COS, and the settlement house movements. However, during the earlier half of the 20th century, much of this work focused on institutionalization. Not until the 1960s did the shift from institutions to communities increase the emphasis on community-based program design. This is known as the era of [[deinstitutionalization]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.pearsonhighered.com/program/Tausig-Sociology-of-Mental-Illness-A-2nd-Edition/PGM118073.html|title=A sociology of mental illness|last=Tausig|first=Mark|last2=Janet|first2=Michello|last3=Sree|first3=Subedi|date=2004|publisher=Pearson|isbn=9780131114784|oclc=636608234}}</ref> Community-based organizations and community-based programs burgeoned during this period. The poor conditions of mental health institutions and an increasing amount of research that illustrated the benefits of maintaining the relationships of the individuals served within the community surfaced to further the growth of community-based programs.
Although social work has been historically defined by these institutionalized and deinstitutionalized periods, informal community design programs have always existed. In fact, informal community-based programs predate human service applications of this approach.<ref name="Delgado" /> In 1999, Melvin Delgado, a professor at the [[Boston University School of Social Work]] illustrated this point by quoting Harper (1990) regarding African-Americans' provision of health care in the community, stating: <blockquote>Blacks have always cared for the sick at home, yet it was never labeled 'home care.' Blacks have been dying at home and receiving care in the process, yet it was never called 'hospice care.' Blacks have relieved each other from the caring and curing processes, yet it was never seen as 'respite care.' Blacks have cared for each other in their homes, in their neighborhoods, and throughout their communities, yet it was never referred to as 'volunteerism.'<ref>
Formally, community-based program development has been professionalized by such disciplines as [[urban studies and planning]] and [[social work]].
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=== Logic model ===
Another common tool of program design that can be employed by community-based program designers is the [[logic model]]. Logic models are a graphical depiction of the logical relationships between the resources, activities, outputs and outcomes of a program.<ref name="LM">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/CIS/CIS1097.pdf|title=The Logic Model for Program Planning and Evaluation|last=McCawley|first=Paul F.|date=n.d.|publisher=University of Idaho Extension}}</ref> The underlying purpose of constructing a logic model is to assess the "if-then" (causal) relationships between the elements of a program. Community-based program designers can employ logic models to ensure that program inputs (available community resources) will support the activities of the community-based program, and that the outputs (resulting from the activities) will lead to the program's desired outcomes.
=== Social action model ===
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