Dirar ibn al-Azwar: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 23:13, 7 gen 2016

Versione delle 16:22, 9 gen 2016

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=== Battaglia di Ajnādayn ===

Le forze dell'[[esercito dei Rashidun]] lasciarono la capitale di [[Medina]] probabilmente nell'autunno del 633 o agli inizi del 634. Essa dapprima impegnarono combattimento coi [[Bizantini]] e li sconfissero nella [[battaglia di Dathin]] il 4 febbraio. L'Imperatore [[Eraclio]], fermatosi a [[Emesa]] (ora [[Homs]], in [[Siria]]), ricevette rinforzi e li spedì a sud a protezione di [[Caesarea Maritima]]. Per reagire a ciò, il comandante [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] ricevette l'ordine del califfo d'interrompere le operazioni contro l'[[Impero sasanide]] e di guadagnare il ''[[Grande Siria|Bilād al-Shām]]'', impegnando il nemico in battaglia. A metà di essa si tramanda che l'impetuoso Ḍirār abbia così apostrofato Khālid:

{{quote|Perché aspettiamo, quando Allah, l'Altissimo, è dalla nostra parte? Per Allah, i nostri nemici penseranno che noi abbiamo paura di loro. Li aggrediremo con te.<ref name="justislam36">Waqidi:, p. 36 [http://www.justislam.co.uk/The%20Sword%20of%20Allah/29.05.html], Cap. 29 in: ''In Swords of Allah''. N.B. Questo dialogo è messo in dubbio dagli studiosi, dal momento che solo [[al-Waqidi]] lo riporta.</ref>}}

Khālid decise di permettere che i singoli campioni musulmani combattessero contro i campioni bizantini anche perché, in caso di loro vittoria, sarebbero stati eliminati ufficiali bizantini abili, facilitando il compito delle forze islamiche. Pertanto Khālid permise a Ḍirār di agire secondo questo intendimento e Ḍirār prese quindi con sé [[corazza]] ed [[elmetto]] per proteggersi dagli [[arcieri]] ghas[[ghassanidi]]sanidi al servizio dei Bizantini, imbracciando il suo [[scudo]] fatto di pelle d'[[elefante]], una volta appartenuto a un Bizantino.<br>

[[Waqidi]] afferma che Ḍirār lanciò il suo personale grido di battaglia quando s'avvicinò al nemico:

Riga 49:

Al-Ḥārith b. Hishām e Ḍirār ibn al-Azwar combatterono fino a quando le ferite ebbero il sopravvento. Ikrima cadde, mentre Ḍirār scampò alla morte.<ref name="google36"/>

I musulmani non presero prigionieri, visto che il generale bizantino [[Theodore Trithyrius]] e altri comandanti erano morti in battaglia. Un gran numero di soldati bizantini tentò la fuga per evitare il massacro, ma molti di loro furono catturati nel successivo inseguimento musulmano. <br>

[[File:Mohammad adeel-day-5.PNG|thumb|right|Quinta giornata della battaglia del Yarmuk.]]<!--

Dopo la battaglia, il [[califfo]] [['Umar]] dette ordine che una parte delle truppe musulmane che avevano combattuto al Yarmuk si trasferisse in [[Iraq]] per rafforzare e aiutare [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] nella [[Battaglia di al-Qādisiyyah]] contro l'[[Impero sasanide]], e Ḍirār ibn al-Azwar fu tra costoro.

Dhiraar played a prominent role when Khalid assigned him to capture a bridge at Ayn al Dhakar for safe crossing across the deep gorges of the ravines of Wadi-ur-Ruqqad with 500 soldiers at night of the fifth day, then he ordered by Khalid to set an ambush there to eliminate the Byzantine armies who has been routed and using this bridge as a way to withdraw.<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ggK29Dcp4AwC&dq=zaraar+azwar+yarmouk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xmy6VKGEI4WWuASQyYLoCQ&redir_esc=y SWORD OF ALLAH : Khalid Bin Al-Waleed His Life & Campaigns; Lt. Gen. A.I. Akram]</ref>

=== Successive imprese ===

In the next day Dhiraar moved with 500 mounted troops around the northern flank of Byzantines and captured the bridge the plan was successful as the Byzantine was retreated onto this path as Khalid's prediction, and the retreating Byzantine army shocked as Dhiraar has been waiting them in Wadi Ul Raqqad bridge . The Byzantines were surrounded from all sides now. Some fell into the deep ravines off the steep slopes, others tried to escape in the waters, only to be smashed on the rocks below and again others were killed in their flight. Nevertheless, a large number of the soldiers managed to escape the slaughter

DuringDurante thela [[BattleBattaglia ofdi Thaniyyat Sanita-al-'Uqab|battle of Eagle Pass]] whichche preludingprecedette thela Siegeconquista ofdi Damascus,[[Damasco]] hefu wascatturato captureddai byBizantini, Byzantinema force,poco butdopo shortlyfu latertrovato hee, onsecondo he was[[al-Waqidi|al-Wāqidī]], rescuedliberato byda rescueun teamdrappello ledguidato byda hissua sistersorella, [[KhawlahKhawla bint al-Azwar]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false "Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria", Bydi David Nicolle]</ref> butma somela commentarynotizia hasnon criticizeviene theconfermata authenticitydalle offonti thisarabe incidentpiù aboutaffidabili Khawlah([[Ahmad becauseibn itHanbal|Aḥmad wasb. recorded without various citations which approved by that era scholars and only by [[WaqidiḤanbal]], who has been criticized by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbalal-Shafi'i]] , [[al-Shafi’i, AlBukhari|al-BukhariBukhārī]] ande othersaltri as unreliableancora).<ref name="islammemo2003"/><ref name="letmeturnthetables1"/>

The Muslims took no prisoners in this battle as Byzantine general, [[Theodore Trithyrius]] and some other generals were died in this battle. However a large number of the soldiers managed to escape the slaughter although they may have captured some during the subsequent pursuit. After this battle Caliph Umar instructed a portions of Rashidun troops from Yarmouk to be transferred to [[Iraq]] as reinforcement to assist [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]] in the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] against [[Sassanid Empire]] and Dhiraar was counted among them

=== Later career ===

During the [[Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab|battle of Eagle Pass]] which preluding the Siege of Damascus, he was captured by Byzantine force, but shortly later he on he was rescued by rescue team led by his sister, [[Khawlah bint al-Azwar]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria By David Nicolle]</ref> but some commentary has criticize the authenticity of this incident about Khawlah because it was recorded without various citations which approved by that era scholars and only by [[Waqidi]], who has been criticized by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] , al-Shafi’i, Al-Bukhari and others as unreliable<ref name="islammemo2003"/><ref name="letmeturnthetables1"/>

==Historicity regarding death==

The young Sahabi embraced his death in Syria, being victim of the pernicious plague outbreak which broke in Syria and western Iraq which caused by severe drought took the lives of many of the pious Companion including [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]]. the time of his death was said as 18th years after [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] which means his death was supposedly in 640 AD<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/jordan_valley.html</ref> He was buried in Syria.<ref>Book "Futooh ush Sham" written by Allama Waqidi</ref>

==Sulla sua morte==

Ḍirār sarebbe morto in [[Siria]], vittima della [[peste di Amwas]], al pari di [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan]] e [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], si dice nell'anno 18 del [[Calendario islamico|Egira]], cioè all'incirca nel [[640]].<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/jordan_valley.html</ref> Sarebbe stato inumato nel ''[[Bilad al-Sham|Bilād al-Shām]]''.<ref>''Futūḥ al-Shām'', di al-Wāqidī</ref>

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but another account from [[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr]] said he was fallen in the battle of Ajnadayn. contrary to Al Waqidi report who has said he has fallen in [[Battle of Yamama]]<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false]</ref><ref>http://islamstory.com/ar/ضرار_بن_الأزور {{cite book | last = Khuri Hitti | first = Phillip | year=2005 |title = The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II page 165,2002 |page = 149 }}</ref>