Cardiac neural crest: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:28, 27 August 2017

Revision as of 11:06, 30 August 2017

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[[Neural crest]] cells are a group of temporary, [[Cell potency#Multipotency|multipotent]] (can give rise to some other types of cells but not all) cells that are pinched off during the formation of the [[neural tube]] (precursor to the [[spinal cord]] and brain) and therefore are found at the dorsal (top) region of the neural tube during development.<ref name ="Kirby (1987)">Kirby M. [http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v21/n3/pdf/pr198744a.pdf "Cardiac morphogenesis: recent research advances."] ''Pediatric Research.'' 1987 21(3) 219 - 224.</ref> They are derived from the [[ectoderm]] germ layer, but are sometimes called the fourth germ layer because they are so important and give rise to so many other types of cells.<ref name="Kirby (1987)"/><ref name="Gilbert (2010)">Gilbert S. F. [httphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065/ "Developmental biology."] Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, 2010 p373 - 389.</ref> They migrate throughout the body and create a large number of differentiated cells such as [[neuron]]s, glial cells, pigment-containing cells in skin, skeletal tissue cells in the head, and many more.<ref name="Kirby (1987)"/><ref name="Gilbert (2010)"/>

Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a type of neural crest cells that migrate to the circumpharyngeal ridge (an arc-shape ridge above the [[pharyngeal arch]]es) and then into the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches and the cardiac outflow tract (OFT).<ref name="Kirby (1987)"/><ref name="Gilbert (2010)"/><ref name="Kuratani (1992)">Kuratani S. C. and Kirby M. L. "Migration and distribution of circumpharyngeal crest cells in the chick embryo: formation of the circumpharyngeal ridge and E/C8+ crest cells in the vertebrate head region." Anat. Rec. October 1992 234(2) p263 - 268 {{PMID|1384396}} {{doi|10.1002/ar.1092340213}}</ref>

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=== Induction ===

''Induction'' is the differentiation of progenitor cells into their final designation or type. The progenitor cells which will become CNCCs are found in the [[epiblast]] about [[Primitive knot|Henson’s node]].<ref name="Kuratani (1992)"/><ref name="Kirby (2010)">Kirby M. K. and Hutson M. R. [httphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3011257/pdf/cam0404_0609.pdf "Factors controlling cardiac neural crest cell migration."] Cell Adhesion and Migration, December 2010, 4(4) p609 - 621 {{PMC|3011257}} {{PMID|20890117}}.</ref> Progenitor cells are brought into the [[neural fold]]s. Molecules such as [[Wnt signaling pathway|Wnt]], [[fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF) and [[bone morphogenetic protein]] (BMP) provide [[Recognition signal|signal]]s which induce the progenitor cells to become CNCCs.<ref name="Kuratani (1992)"/><ref name="Kirby (2010)"/> Little is known about the signal cascade that promotes neural crest induction. However, it is known that an intermediate level of BMP is required: if BMP is too high or too low, the cells do not migrate.<ref name="Kirby (2010)"/>

=== Initial migration ===

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=== GATA ===

[[GATA transcription factor]]s, which are complex molecules that bind to the DNA sequence ''GATA'', play a critical role in cell lineage differentiation restriction during cardiac development. The primary function of [[GATA6]] in cardiovascular development is to regulate the morphogenetic patterning of the outflow tract and aortic arch. When [[GATA6]] is inactivated in CNCCs, various cardiovascular defects such as persistent truncus arteriorus and interrupted aortic arch may occur. This phenotype (anomaly) was also observed when GATA6 was inactivated within vascular smooth muscle cells.<ref name="Lepore (2006)">Lepore J. J. et al [httphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1409743/pdf/JCI0627363.pdf "GATA-6 regulates semaphorin 3C and is required in cardiac neural crest for cardiovascular morphogenesis."] Journal of Clinical Investigation 3 April 2006, 116(4) p929 - 939 {{PMID|16557299}} {{PMC|1409743}} {{doi|10.1172/JCI27363}}. Accessed 19 November 2012.</ref> GATA6 in combination with Wnt (Wnt2-GATA6) plays a role in the development of the posterior pole of the heart (the inflow tract).<ref name="Tian (2010)">Tian Y. et al [httphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846539/pdf/nihms177061.pdf "Characterization and in vivo pharmacological rescue of a Wnt2-GATA6 pathway required for cardiac inflow tract development."] Developmental Cell 16 February 2010 18(2) p275 - 287 pm =2846539 {{PMID|20159597}} {{doi|10.1016/j.devcel.2010.01.008}} Accessed 19 November 2012.</ref>

== CNCCS and ischaemic heart disease ==