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[[Internal ribosome entry site]]s (IRES) are [[RNA structure]]s that allow for [[translation (genetics)|translation]] initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of [[protein synthesis]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
A study of archaeal sRNAs showed that sRNA can be both cis-and trans-acting. [[Methanosarcina|''Methanosarcina mazei''<nowiki/>']]<nowiki/>s [[Methanosarcina sRNA162|sRNA162]] targets 5'UTR of a ''cis''-encoded mRNA and a ''trans''-encoded target via two different domains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jäger|first=Dominik|last2=Pernitzsch|first2=Sandy R.|last3=Richter|first3=Andreas S.|last4=Backofen|first4=Rolf|last5=Sharma|first5=Cynthia M.|last6=Schmitz|first6=Ruth A.|date=November 2012|title=An archaeal sRNA targeting cis- and trans-encoded mRNAs via two distinct domains|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965121|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=40|issue=21|pages=10964–10979|doi=10.1093/nar/gks847|issn=1362-4962|pmc=PMC3510493|pmid=22965121}}</ref>
===In genome defense===
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