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In November 1972, Hewitt and his students invented the [[Actor model]] of computation as a solution to the problems with Planner.<ref name="hewitt1973">{{cite journal|author=Carl Hewitt |author2=Peter Bishop |author3=Richard Steiger|title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=IJCAI|year=1973}}</ref> A partial implementation of Actors was developed called Planner-73 (later called PLASMA). Steele, then a graduate student at MIT, had been following these developments, and he and Sussman decided to implement a version of the Actor model in their own "tiny Lisp" developed on top of [[MacLisp]], in order to understand the model better. Using this basis they then began to develop mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages.<ref name="revisited">{{cite journal
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060615225746/http://www.brics.dk/~hosc/local/HOSC-11-4-pp399-404.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-06-15
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