Counter-mapping: Difference between revisions

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==== OpenStreetMap ====

[[File:OpenStreetMap homepage 2017 en.png|thumb|"border"text-topalt=OpenStreetMap home page.|OpenStreetMap home page.]]

[[OpenStreetMap]] (OSM), a citizen-led spatial data collection website, was founded by [[Steve Coast]] in 2004 (see right for OSM home page). Data are collected from diverse public ___domain sources; of which [[GPS]] tracks are the most important, collected by volunteers with GPS receivers.<ref name=perkins /> As of 10 January 2011 there were 340,522 registered OSM users, who had uploaded 2.121 billion GPS points onto the website.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkins, C|title=Review OSM: Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World by Ramm, F., Topf, J and Chilton, S.|year=2011|publisher=(in press)}}</ref> The process of map creation explicitly relies upon sharing and participation; consequently, every registered OSM user can edit any part of the map. Moreover, 'map parties' - social events which aim to fill gaps in coverage, help foster a community ethos.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Perkins|first=C|author2=Dodge, M|title=The Potential of User-Generated Cartography: A Case Study of the OpenStreetMap Project and Mapchester Mapping Party|journal=North West Geography|year=2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=19–32}}</ref> In short, the [[grassroots]] OSM project can be seen to represent a [[paradigm shift]] in who creates and shares geographic information - from the state, to society.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Elwood|first=S |author2=Goodchild, M.F |author3=Sui, D.Z|title=Researching VGI: Spatial Data, Geographic Research and New Social Practice|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|year=2011|pages=1–20|doi=10.1080/00045608.2011.595657}}</ref>

However, rather than countering the state-dominated cartographic project, some commentators have affirmed that OSM merely replicates the 'old' socio-economic order.<ref name="Haklay">{{cite journal|last=Haklay|first=M|title=How Good is Volunteered Geographical Information? A Comparative Study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey Datasets|journal=Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design|year=2008|volume=37|pages=682–703|doi=10.1068/b35097}}</ref> For instance, Haklay<ref name=Haklay /> affirmed that OSM users in the United Kingdom tend not to map council estates; consequently, middle-class areas are disproportionately mapped. Thus, in opposition to notions that OSM is a radical cartographic counter-culture,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kent|first=A.J|title=Cartographic Blandscapes and the New Noise: Finding the Good View in a Topographical Mashup|journal=SoC Bulletin|year=2008|volume=42|pages=29–38}}</ref> are contentions that OSM "simply recreates a mirror copy of existing [[topographic mapping]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Dodge|first=M|title=Rethinking Maps: New Frontiers in Cartographic Theory|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|___location=London |author2=Perkins, C. |author3=Kitchin, R}}</ref>