Associativity-based routing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:22, 28 January 2018

Revision as of 15:40, 20 February 2018

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'''Associativity-based routing'''<ref>{{citation |title="Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks, Wireless Personal Communications Journal, 1997." |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing, Proc. of IEEE Fifteenth Annual International Phoenix Conference on computer communications, 1996." |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC}}</ref><ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-13-007817-9}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Long-lived ad-hoc routing based on the concept of Associativity, IETF Draft 1999" |url=https://scholarwww.googleietf.comorg/proceedings/citationsview_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C46/I-D/draft-ietf-manet-longlived-adhoc-routing-00.txt}}</ref> (commonly known as '''ABR''') is a mobile routing protocol invented for [[wireless ad hoc networks]] or also known as [[mobile ad hoc networks]] (MANETs) and [[wireless mesh network]]. ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a USA patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by [[Chai Keong Toh]] while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University. In the 1990s, our Internet is still largely wired. Toh was working on a different Internet – that of a rapidly deployable, infrastructureless, self-organizing, self-configuring mobile Internet. The challenges in such a network is mobility of nodes and link dynamics. Toh's prime argument is that there is no point in choosing a node to route packets if the route is unstable or going to be broken soon. So, he introduced a new routing metric (known as associativity ticks) and the concept of associativity, i.e., link stability among nodes over TIME and SPACE. Hence, ABR was born.

==Explanation==

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==Practicality==

In 1998, ABR was successfully implemented<ref>{{citation |title="Mobile Computing Magazine Interview Article - First practical ad hoc wireless network implementation outdoors, 1999 |url=http://init.unizar.es/images/MobiCompMag1999.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Implementation and evaluation of an adaptive routing protocol for infrastructureless mobile networks, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 2000." |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/885465/}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Evaluating the communication performance of an ad hoc wireless network, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2000" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:WF5omc3nYNoC}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Experimenting with an Ad Hoc wireless network, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Volume 28 Issue 3, Dec. 2000" |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=377622}}</ref> into Linux kernel, in various different branded laptops (IBM Thinkpad, COMPAQ, Toshiba, etc.) that are equipped with [[WaveLAN]] 802.11a PCMCIA wireless adapters. A working 6-node wide [[wireless ad hoc network]] spanning a distance of over 600 meters was achieved and the successful event was published in Mobile Computing Magazine in 1999. Various tests were performed with the network:

*[1] Transmission of up to 100MBytes500MBytes of data from source to destination over 3-hop route.

*[2] Link breaks and automatic link repairs proven to be working

*[3] Automatic Route Discovery

*[4] Route Delete

*[5] Web Server in Ad Hoc mode – with source being client and destination being the web server

*[6] Transmission of multimedia information (audio<ref>{{citation |title="Transporting Audio over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. International Conference on Personal, Indoor And Mobile Radio Communications, Pimrc, 2003, v. 1, p. 772-777" |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/46490/1/92280.pdf?accept=1}}</ref> and video)

*[7] [[TELNET]] over Ad Hoc

*[8] [[FTP]] over Ad Hoc

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*[4] Route discovery delay

*[5] Route repair delay

*[6] Impact of packet size on throughput

*[7] Impact of beaconing interval on throughput and remaining battery life

In 2002, TRW Tactical Systems Incorporation implemented<ref>{{citation |title="Next-Generation Tactical Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, TRW Systems Journal, 2001" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228887934_Next-Generation_Tactical_Ad_Hoc_Mobile_Wireless_Networks}}</ref> an enhancement of the ABR protocol and successfully implemented on ORiNOCO WaveLAN 802.11b over an X windows system running Linux 5.2 Operating System on DELL laptops. The implementation and field test were done in an outdoor setting in [[Carson, California]] over a 6-node ad hoc network. The enhancement made to the protocol include:

* Network layer QoS

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==Patent and applications==

ABR was granted a US patent 5987011<ref>{{citation |title="A Routing Method for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks, US Patent 5987011, granted 1996, filed 1994. " |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5987011}}</ref> and the assignee being [[King's College Cambridge]], UK. ABR was subsequently licensed to a US defense corporation. Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks bloom with US defense spending<ref>{{citation |title="US Defense Spending Outlook" |url=https://cit.com/thought-leadership/us-defense-spending-industry-outlook/?cmp=paidsearch&gclid=Cj0KEQiAperBBRDfuMf72sr56fIBEiQAPFXszXJSUmhVzQx8nvTO-_D_DomeLEkW4rqNBnL09JQb8l4aAuaU8P8HAQ&jcpid=8a8ae4cd56581431015659d1200a185b&jsf=790d9e37-8253-492c-9760-301ebc6d7513:35584}}</ref> over $2 Billion in programs and research by [[DARPA]], DoD, Air Force, Coast Guards, and US Navy.<ref>{{citation |title="Naval Communications" |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11605/chapter/8#153}}</ref>

In October 2013, the '''Storm Disaster Sandy''' hit the USA, and US Coast Guards used mobile ad hoc networking technology to quickly established networks to facilitate rescue operations. Many lives were saved.<ref>{{citation |title="After Sandy hit, Coast Guard comms got ... better" |url=https://gcn.com/articles/2013/10/07/gcn-award-coast-guard-trident.aspx}}</ref>

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* Harris

* BBN

* Raytheon

* Cisco

* Thales

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* XES Inc.,

* Lockheed Martin

* Northrop Grumman

* General Dynamics

* SAIC

* BAE

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In 2009, DARAP awarded $155Million<ref>{{cite |title="Defense Agency Awards Raytheon Up to $155 Million Contract to Develop an Interoperable Network Gateway" |url=http://investor.raytheon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84193&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=1308426}}</ref> contract to Raytheon to work on mobile ad hoc networking gateway. In 2002, 2012 and 2013, DoD awarded General Dynamics $75Million, $346Million and $475Million<ref>{{cite |title="General Dynamics Awarded $475 Million WIN-T Contract" |url=http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=general-dynamics-awarded-475-million-win-t-contract}}</ref> to work on WIN-T Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 respectively. WIN-T itself is a $6Billion<ref>{{cite |title="Army Awards First Contract in $6 Billion WIN-T Program" |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/army-awards-first-contract-in-6-billion-win-t-program-76642537.html}}</ref> program. In 2015, US Special Operations has awarded $390Million<ref>{{cite |title="US Special Operations award $390M to Harris" |url=https://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/10/08/special-operations-harris-radio-contract.aspx}}</ref> contract to Harris to build tactical radios with mobile ad hoc networking capability.