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'''indecs'''<ref>http://cordis.europa.eu/econtent/mmrcs/indecs.htm</ref> (an acronym of "[[interoperability]] of data in [[e-commerce]] systems"; written in lower case) was a project partly funded by the [[European Community]] ''Info 2000'' initiative and by several organisations representing the music, rights, text publishing, authors, library and other sectors in 1998-2000, which has since been used in a number of [[metadata]] activities. A final report and related documents were published; the indecs Metadata Framework document<ref>http://www.doi.org/topics/indecs/indecs_framework_2000.pdf "Principles, model and data dictionary"</ref> is a concise summary.
indecs provided an analysis of the requirements for metadata for e-commerce of [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] ([[intellectual property]]) in the network environment, focusing on [[semantic interoperability]]. Semantic interoperability deals with the question of how one computer system knows what the terms from another computer system mean (e.g. if A says "owner" and B says "owner", are they referring to the same thing? If A says "released" and B says "disseminated", do they mean different things?).
indecs was built from a simple generic model of commerce (the "model of making"): a model of the [[Product life cycle management|life cycle]] of any kind of content from conception to the final physical or digital copies. The top-level model is summarised as "people make stuff; people use stuff; and (for commerce to take place) people make deals about the stuff". If secure machine-to-machine management of [[commerce]] is to be possible, the stuff, the people and the deals must all be securely identified and described in standardised ways that machines can interpret and use. Central to the analysis is the assumption that it is possible to produce a generic mechanism to handle complex metadata for all different types of content. So, for example, instead of treating sound carriers, books, videos and photographs as fundamentally different things with different (if similar) characteristics, they are all recognised as creations with different values of the same higher-level attributes, whose metadata can be supported in a common environment.
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The indecs analysis supports interoperability of at least five different types:
* Across [[media]] (such as books, serials, audio, [[audiovisual]], software, abstract works, visual material).
* Across functions (such as [[cataloging]], discovery, workflow and [[rights management]]).
* Across levels of metadata (from simple to complex).
* Across semantic barriers.
* Across [[linguistic
The indecs project developed a framework, described in detail in the final project documents, within which such interoperability could be achieved. indecs proposed four principles as key to the management of identification:
* ''The principle of Unique Identification:'' every entity should be [[unique identifier|uniquely identified]] within an identified namespace.
* ''The principle of Functional Granularity:'' it should be possible to identify an entity whenever it needs to be distinguished
* ''The principle of Designated Authority:'' the author of an item of metadata should be securely identified.
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indecs also produced a definition of metadata:
* An item of metadata is a [[semantic relationship|relationship]] that someone claims to exist between two referents (entities).
The indecs framework stresses the significance of relationships, which lie at the heart of the indecs analysis. It underlines the importance of unique identification of all entities (since otherwise expressing relationships between them is of little practical utility). Finally, it raises the question of authority: the identification of the person making the claim is as significant as the identification of any other entity.
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The framework has been developed further as a generic [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]]-based approach dealing with defined types of entity and attribute, and the relators that link them within a contextual model structure (where context is defined as an intersection of ''time'' and ''place'', in which ''entities'' may play roles). Its main use to date has been in applications of commercial transactions of content and in some library-related applications. Examples of applications using this approach include:
* [https://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2007-dunsire RDA/ONIX Framework for Resource Categorization]
* [http://iso21000-6.net ISO/IEC 21000-6]] ([[MPEG]]) Rights Data Dictionary (RDD)
* [http://www.ddex.net DDEX (Digital Data Exchange)] Music industry messaging and data dictionary applications
* [http://www.editeur.org/onix.html ONIX] ([[Online Information Exchange
* [http://www.doi.org/ Digital Object Identifier System] metadata schemes
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Other developments are continuing, notably through the OntologyX semantic engineering tools and services from [http://www.rightscom.com Rightscom]. The approach also has much in common with the [http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/index.html CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)], an ontology for cultural heritage information, and the [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR) model in the library world.
In June 2009 a new initiative, the [http://cdlr.strath.ac.uk/VMF/ Vocabulary Mapping Framework (VMF)], was announced by a consortium of partners. Funded by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/projects/vocab-framework.aspx JISC], in Nov 2009 this delivered (as the first phase of an ongoing program of work) an extensive and authoritative mapping of vocabularies from nine major content [[metadata standards]], creating a downloadable tool to support interoperability across communities. The mapping is also extensible to other standards. The work builds on the principles of interoperability established in the indecs Content Model, and is an expansion of the existing [https://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2007-dunsire RDA/ONIX Framework for Resource Categorization] into a comprehensive vocabulary of resource relators and categories, which will be a superset of those used in major standards from the publisher/producer, education and bibliographic/heritage communities. The [[International DOI Foundation]], which fully endorses this work, is to provide a web hosting facility for the Framework as part of its commitment to promoting the wider use of interoperable metadata, and will use the vocabulary mapping wherever possible to support the association of metadata with [[DOI]] names <ref>[http://www.doi.org/news/DOINewsJun09.html#1''DOI News: Launch of “Vocabulary Mapping Framework”]</ref>
== Intellectual property rights ==
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