Content deleted Content added
lx |
lx |
||
Line 7:
indecs provided an analysis of the requirements for metadata for e-commerce of [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] ([[intellectual property]]) in the network environment, focusing on [[semantic interoperability]]. Semantic interoperability deals with the question of how one computer system knows what the terms from another computer system mean (e.g. if A says "owner" and B says "owner", are they referring to the same thing? If A says "released" and B says "disseminated", do they mean different things?).
indecs was built from a simple generic model of commerce (the "model of making"): a model of the [[Product life cycle management|life cycle]] of any kind of content from conception to the final physical or [[digital copies]]. The top-level model is summarised as "people make stuff; people use stuff; and (for commerce to take place) people make deals about the stuff". If secure machine-to-machine management of [[commerce]] is to be possible, the stuff, the people and the deals must all be securely identified and described in standardised ways that machines can interpret and use. Central to the analysis is the assumption that it is possible to produce a generic mechanism to handle complex metadata for all different types of content. So, for example, instead of treating sound carriers, books, videos and photographs as fundamentally different things with different (if similar) characteristics, they are all recognised as creations with different values of the same higher-level attributes, whose metadata can be supported in a common environment.
==Framework==
Line 44:
* [http://www.ddex.net DDEX (Digital Data Exchange)] Music industry messaging and data dictionary applications
* [http://www.editeur.org/onix.html ONIX] ([[Online Information Exchange]]) standards for the use of publishers in distributing digital metadata about their products
* [http://www.doi.org/ DOI] [[Digital Object Identifier]] System
One of the deliverables of the indecs project was a specification for a Directory of Parties. This led to a subsequent project, Interparty,<ref>http://www.interparty.org</ref> funded under the European Commission's Information Society Technologies Programme, to design and specify a network to support interoperability of party identification (for both natural and corporate names) across different domains, building on the indecs principles. InterParty was not proposed as a replacement for existing schemes for the identification of participants in the intellectual property ___domain (e.g. national library name authority files or systems oriented towards the needs of rights licensing) but as a means of effecting their interoperation. Some of its conclusions have been used elsewhere, e.g. in the work on the proposed ISO ISNI<ref>http://isni.org/</ref> (International Standard Name Identifier).
Line 50:
Other developments are continuing, notably through the OntologyX semantic engineering tools and services from [http://www.rightscom.com Rightscom]. The approach also has much in common with the [http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/index.html CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)], an ontology for cultural heritage information, and the [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR) model in the library world.
In June 2009 a new initiative, the [http://cdlr.strath.ac.uk/VMF/ Vocabulary Mapping Framework (VMF)], was announced by a consortium of partners. Funded by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/projects/vocab-framework.aspx JISC], in Nov 2009 this delivered (as the first phase of an ongoing program of work) an extensive and authoritative mapping of vocabularies from nine major content [[metadata standards]], creating a downloadable tool to support interoperability across communities. The mapping is also extensible to other standards. The work builds on the principles of interoperability established in the indecs Content Model, and is an expansion of the existing [https://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2007-dunsire RDA/ONIX Framework for Resource Categorization] into a comprehensive vocabulary of resource relators and categories, which will be a superset of those used in major standards from the publisher/producer, education and bibliographic/heritage communities. The [[International DOI Foundation]], which fully endorses this work, is to provide a web hosting facility for the Framework as part of its commitment to promoting the wider use of interoperable metadata, and will use the vocabulary mapping wherever possible to support the association of metadata with
== Intellectual property rights ==
Line 58:
== Mapping of terms ==
Different models of the life cycle of content may have important differences, not least in the specific meaning attached to the names of terms they employ. FRBR, indecs and CRM were each informed by different functional requirements, and so evolved different mechanisms for dealing with the issues that seemed most important to them. Each is a particular view on the "universe of discourse" of resources and relationships: there are many valid views. Broadly, they are compatible, and effective integration of metadata from schemes based on them should be achievable, but they must be handled with care. As an example: the terms abstraction, manifestation, item and expression are often used in considering content life cycles (e.g. a [[sound recording]] is the expression of a musical work during a recording session at a particular place and time, and is distinct from, say, the master tape made, which is a manifestation). These were dealt with in indecs, but may have slightly different meanings in other schemes. Such an analysis of meaning of a term from a scheme is possible in indecs by mapping the precise definitions into further terms with precise definitions within the framework. indecs and other frameworks based on it continue to be developed and refined through the process of implementation.
== References ==
| |||