The [[Liverpool Overhead Railway]] opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/transport/overheadrailway.aspx| title=Liverpool Overhead Railway motor coach number 3, 1892| quote=This is one of the original motor coaches which has electric motors mounted beneath the floor, a driving cab at one end and third class accommodation with wooden seats.| publisher=[[National Museums Liverpool]]| accessdate=2011-01-21 }}</ref> controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling the traction current to motors on both cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061EF73F5412738DDDA10994D9405B828CF1D3|title=Mr Sprague answers Mr Westinghouse|date=18 January 1902|accessdate=16 June 2012|author=[[Frank Sprague]]|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
