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=== DESIRE II project (1997–2000) ===
The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project <ref name="Desire Project">{{Citation |publication-date=August 7, 2000 |title=Desire: Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education |publisher=Desire Consortium |url=http://www.desire.org/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230823/http://www.desire.org/ |archivedate=July 25, 2011 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=The Desire Project reference does not appear to directly address the SKOS ancestry statement made here.|date=August 2012}}. Motivated by the need to improve the user interface and usability of multi-service browsing and searching,<ref name="Desire Deliverable D.36b">{{Citation |title=Desire: Research Deliverables: D3.1 |publisher=Desire Consortium |url=http://www.desire.org/docs/research/deliverables/D3.6/d36b.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509135041/http://www.desire.org/html/research/deliverables/D3.6/#d36b |archivedate=May 9, 2008 }}</ref> a basic RDF vocabulary for Thesauri was produced. As noted later in the SWAD-Europe workplan, the DESIRE work was adopted and further developed in the SOSIG and LIMBER projects. A version of the DESIRE/SOSIG implementation was described in W3C's QL'98 workshop, motivating early work on RDF rule and query languages: A Query and Inference Service for RDF.<ref>
=== LIMBER (1999–2001) ===
SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the [[European Community]], and part of the [[Information Society Technologies]] programme. In the LIMBER project [[CCLRC]] further developed an [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] thesaurus interchange format<ref>
=== SWAD-Europe (2002–2004) ===
SKOS as a distinct initiative began in the SWAD-Europe project, bringing together partners from both DESIRE, SOSIG (ILRT) and LIMBER (CCLRC) who had worked with earlier versions of the schema. It was developed in the Thesaurus Activity Work Package, in the Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe) project.<ref>
=== Semantic web activity (2004–2005) ===
Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported by the W3C Semantic Web Activity<ref>
=== Development as W3C Recommendation (2006–2009) ===
The SKOS main published documents — the SKOS Core Guide,<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-skos-core-guide SKOS Core Guide] W3C Working Draft 2 November 2005</ref> the SKOS Core Vocabulary Specification,<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-skos-core-spec SKOS Core Vocabulary Specification] W3C Working Draft 2 November 2005</ref> and the Quick Guide to Publishing a Thesaurus on the Semantic Web<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-thesaurus-pubguide Quick Guide to Publishing a Thesaurus on the Semantic Web] W3C Working Draft 17 May 2005</ref> — were developed through the W3C Working Draft process. Principal editors of SKOS were Alistair Miles,<ref>
The Semantic Web Deployment Working Group,<ref>
=== Formal release (2009) ===
On August 18, 2009, [[W3C]] released the new standard that builds a bridge between the world of knowledge organization systems – including thesauri, classifications, subject headings, taxonomies, and [[folksonomy|folksonomies]] – and the [[linked data]] community, bringing benefits to both. Libraries, museums, newspapers, government portals, enterprises, social networking applications, and other communities that manage large collections of books, historical artifacts, news reports, business glossaries, blog entries, and other items can now use SKOS<ref>
=== Historical view of components ===
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In addition to the reference itself, the SKOS Primer (a W3C Working Group Note) summarizes the Simple Knowledge Organization System.
The SKOS<ref>
* one or more preferred [[index term]]s (at most one in each natural language)
* alternative terms or [[synonym]]s
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== Applications ==
*Some important vocabularies have been migrated into SKOS format and are available in the public ___domain, including [[EuroVoc]], [[AGROVOC]] and [[GEMET]]. [[Library of Congress Subject Headings]] (LCSH) also support the SKOS format.<ref>
*SKOS has been used as the language for the thesauri used in the [[SWED Environmental Directory]]<ref>
*A way to convert thesauri to SKOS,<ref>
*Subject classification using [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]] and SKOS has been developed by [[IBM]].<ref>[http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita10/ Subject classification using [[Darwin Information Typing Architecture|DITA]] and SKOS] by IBM developerWorks.</ref>
*SKOS is used to represent geographical feature types in the [[GeoNames]] ontology.
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* [[TemaTres]] Vocabulary Server<ref>[http://www.vocabularyserver.com TemaTres] is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses</ref> is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses and others formal representations of knowledge. [[Tematres]] provides complete export of vocabularies into SKOS-core in addition to Zthes, TopicMaps, MADS, Dublin Core, VDEX, BS 8723, SiteMap, SQL and text.
* ThManager<ref>[http://thmanager.sourceforge.net/ ThManager] an Open Source Tool for creating and visualizing SKOS RDF vocabularies.</ref> is a [[Java (programming language)|Java]] [[Open-source software|open-source]] application for creating and visualizing SKOS vocabularies.
* The W3C provides an experimental on-line validation service.<ref>
* Vocbench<ref>
* SKOS files can also be imported and edited in RDF-OWL editors such as [[Protege (software)|Protégé]], SKOS Shuttle and TopBraid Composer.
* SKOS synonyms can be transformed from [[WordNet]] RDF format using an [[XSLT]] style sheet; see W3C RDF
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* Model Futures SKOS Exporter<ref>[http://www.modelfutures.com/software Model Futures Excel SKOS Exporter]</ref> for [[Microsoft Excel]] allows simple vocabularies to be developed as indented Excel spreadsheets and exported as SKOS RDF. BETA version.
* Lexaurus<ref>[http://www.vocman.com/ Lexaurus] is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor.</ref> is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor. Its extensive API includes full revision management. SKOS is one of its many supported formats.
* SKOS Shuttle<ref>
* TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net (EVN)<ref>
* Thesaurus Master, for creating, developing, and maintaining taxonomies and thesauri, is part of Access Innovations' Data Harmony knowledge management software line. It offers SKOS-compliant export.
* Fluent Editor 2014 – an ontology editor which allows users to work and edit directly OWL annotations and SKOS. Annotations will processed also for referenced ontologies as well as imported/exported to OWL/RDF and can be processed on the server.
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== Data ==
There are publicly available SKOS data sources.
* SKOS Datasets wiki<ref>
== Relationships with other standards ==
=== Metamodel ===
The SKOS metamodel is broadly compatible with the data model of [[ISO 25964-1]] – Thesauri for Information Retrieval. This data model can be viewed and downloaded from the website for [[ISO 25964]].<ref name="niso.org">
[[File:Skos metamodel.png|thumb|Semantic model of the information elements of SKOS]]
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