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* [[electromagnetically induced transparency]]
** in an [[optical cavity]] or microresonator, where the transmission is controlled by a weaker flux of gate photons<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1238169| pmid = 23828886| title = All-Optical Switch and Transistor Gated by One Stored Photon| journal = Science| volume = 341| issue = 6147| pages = 768–70| year = 2013| last1 = Chen | first1 = W.| last2 = Beck | first2 = K. M.| last3 = Bucker | first3 = R.| last4 = Gullans | first4 = M.| last5 = Lukin | first5 = M. D.| last6 = Tanji-Suzuki | first6 = H.| last7 = Vuletic | first7 = V.| arxiv = 1401.3194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1364/JOSAB.30.001329| title = Microresonator-based all-optical transistor| journal = Journal of the Optical Society of America B| volume = 30| issue = 5| pages = 1329| year = 2013| last1 = Clader | first1 = B. D.| last2 = Hendrickson | first2 = S. M.}}</ref>
** in free space, i.e., without a resonator, by addressing strongly interacting [[Rydberg state]]s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.053601| title = Single-Photon Transistor Mediated by Interstate Rydberg Interactions| journal = Physical Review Letters| volume = 113| issue = 5| year = 2014| last1 = Gorniaczyk | first1 = H.| last2 = Tresp | first2 = C.| last3 = Schmidt | first3 = J.| last4 = Fedder | first4 = H.| last5 = Hofferberth | first5 = S. | bibcode=2014PhRvL.113e3601G | pmid=25126918 | page=053601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.053602| title = Single-Photon Transistor Using a Förster Resonance| journal = Physical Review Letters| volume = 113| issue = 5| year = 2014| last1 = Tiarks | first1 = D. | last2 = Baur | first2 = S. | last3 = Schneider | first3 = K. | last4 = Dürr | first4 = S. | last5 = Rempe | first5 = G. | bibcode=2014PhRvL.113e3602T}}</ref>
* a system of indirect [[exciton]]s (composed of bound pairs of [[electrons]] and [[electron hole|holes]] in double [[quantum well]]s with a static [[Electric dipole moment|dipole moment]]). Indirect excitons, which are created by light and decay to emit light, strongly interact due to their dipole alignment.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.4866855| title = Optically controlled excitonic transistor| journal = Applied Physics Letters| volume = 104| issue = 9| pages = 091101| year = 2014| last1 = Andreakou | first1 = P.| last2 = Poltavtsev | first2 = S. V.| last3 = Leonard | first3 = J. R.| last4 = Calman | first4 = E. V.| last5 = Remeika | first5 = M.| last6 = Kuznetsova | first6 = Y. Y.| last7 = Butov | first7 = L. V.| last8 = Wilkes | first8 = J.| last9 = Hanson | first9 = M.| last10 = Gossard | first10 = A. C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1364/OL.35.001587| pmid = 20479817| title = All-optical excitonic transistor| journal = Optics Letters| volume = 35| issue = 10| pages = 1587–9| year = 2010| last1 = Kuznetsova | first1 = Y. Y.| last2 = Remeika | first2 = M.| last3 = High | first3 = A. A.| last4 = Hammack | first4 = A. T.| last5 = Butov | first5 = L. V.| last6 = Hanson | first6 = M.| last7 = Gossard | first7 = A. C.}}</ref>
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