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I racconti di carattere epico raccolti nel Libro di Dede Korkut sono parte dei circa 1000 racconti epici raccolti attorno alla cultura mongola e turca e tra questi si distinguono per importanza e apporto storico. Questo libro tratta, attraverso brevi opere di carattere epico, la storia, la letteratura, l'identità e le scienze dei popoli che ne compongono i personaggi.

The epic tales of ''Dede Korkut'' are some of the best known Turkic [[dastan]]s from among a total of well over 1,000 recorded epics among the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolian]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language families.<ref>Rinchindorji. [http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Rinchindorji.pdf "Mongolian-Turkic Epics: Typological Formation and Development"], Institute of Ethnic Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Trans. by Naran Bilik, ''Oral Tradition'', 16/2, 2001, p. 381</ref>

== Compendio dell'opera ==

Il Libro di Dede Korkut è un ''dastan'' (anche conosciuto col nome di ''Oghuz-nameh'') che prende luogo in un'area molto vasta comprendente l'Asia Centrale, l'Iran e l'Anatolia e in cui la maggior parte delle vicende si svolgono nell'area azera del Caucaso.

Questo libro rappresenta per i Turchi, in particolare per coloro che si riconoscono come ''oguzi'', un compendio sulla propria storia, sulla propria identità, sui costumi e i valori dei propri avi. Il libro commemora le lotte per la libertà, in un periodo in cui i turchi oguzi erano semplicemente pastori, e in cui si iniziava a perdere, tra gli stessi turchi, la consapevolezza di essere i discendenti degli oguzi, difatti questo termine col tempo passò in disuso tra quelle genti. Difatti, a partire dalla metà del X secolo, i turchi iniziarono a prendere il nome di "Turcomanni"; il processo si sviluppò attraverso i secoli fino a concretizzarsi definitivamente nel XIII secolo. Possiamo descrivere Turcomanni tutti coloro che, tra i turchi (oguzi e non solo), abbracciarono la religione islamica e spesso, con la stessa, una vita che si avvicinava molto più allo stile sedentario, abbandonando le origini nomadi. Nacquero quindi alcune confederazioni turcomanne, una delle quali, gli Ak-koyunlu (dal turco "montoni bianchi"), si stabilì come dinastia tra l'Azerbaijan, l'Iraq, l'iran occidentale e la Turchia orientale.

=== Contenuti ===

==Origin and synopsis of the epic==

Essendo stato scritto tra il X e il XIII secolo, periodo durante il quale si attuava la conversione di massa all'islam della popolazione turca: per questa ragione, le dodici storie contenute nel Libro di Dede Korkut ritraggono spesso i protagonisti come dei buoni musulmani, intenti a combattere e ostacolare i propri avversari, considerati infedeli. Alle volte, tuttavia, sono inseriti dei riferimenti alla magia, un argomento ricorrente nella tradizione turca, in particolare quella preislamica, considerata nell'islam "l'era dell'ignoranza" (in [[Lingua araba|arabo]]: جاهلية‎ - ''jāhilīyah''). Dede Korkut (aka "Nonno Korkut") appare nell'opera come un famoso bardo, e il suo ruolo consiste nel collegare le storie tra loro. Korkut è rappresentato come un uomo anziano, rispettato: viene appunto chiamato con l'appellattivo di ''aksakal'', letteralmente "dalla barba bianca", il che sta a sottolineare il suo rilievo come saggio, capace di risolvere le dispute affrontate all'interno delle tribù. Ancora oggi, all'interno di alcune società di origine turca come l'Azerbaijan, il termine aksakal viene utilizzato con rispetto per descrivere un membro importante della famiglia, rimpiazzando di fatto il termine ''ata'', "padre" o "avo".

''Dede Korkut'' is a heroic [[dastan]] (legend), also known as ''Oghuz-nameh'' among the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk people]],<ref>[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/019/701.htm "Dastan". ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (in 30 volumes), Third edition, Moscow, 1970]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which starts out in [[Central Asia]], continues in Anatolia and [[Iran]], and centers most of its action in the Azerbaijani [[Caucasus]].<ref>[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/061/550.htm ''Kitabi Dede Korkut''. ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (in 30 volumes), Third edition, Moscow, 1970]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to Barthold, "it is not possible to surmise that this dastan could have been written anywhere but in the Caucasus".<ref>{{harvp|Barthold|1962|p=120}}</ref>

Il personaggio di Dede Korkut , secondo lo storico islamico Rashid al-Din Hamadani (m. 1318), fu un uomo straordinario che visse per 295, palesandosi quando il capotribù turco oguzo Inal Syr Yavkuy Khan lo mandò come ambasciatore dal Profeta Muhammad, che Korkut divenne in questa istanza musulmano e che diede consigli importanti al Grande Khan degli Oguzi, e successivamente ne seguì le elezioni.

For the Turkic peoples, especially people who identify themselves as Oghuz, it is the principal repository of ethnic identity, history, customs and the value systems of the Turkic peoples throughout history. It commemorates struggles for freedom at a time when the Oghuz Turks were a herding people, although "it is clear that the stories were put into their present form at a time when the Turks of Oghuz descent no longer thought of themselves as Oghuz."<ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1974|p=9}}</ref> From the mid-10th century on, the term 'Oghuz' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by 'Turcoman' (Turkmen); this process was completed by the beginning of the 13th century. The Turcomans were those Turks, mostly but not exclusively Oghuz, who had embraced Islam and begun to lead a more sedentary life than their forefathers.<ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1974|p=10}}</ref> In the 14th century, a federation of Oghuz, or, as they were by this time termed, Turcoman tribesmen, who called themselves [[Aq Qoyunlu|Ak-koyunlu]] established a dynasty that ruled eastern Turkey, Azerbaijan, [[Iraq]] and western Iran.<ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1974|p=16–17}}</ref>

L'opera racconta parabole su guerrieri e combattimenti, riguardo in particolare i conflitti che vedevano come protagonisti i turcomanni contro i turco altaici Qıpçaq e i nomadi delle steppe Peceneghi (''Beçenek''). Molti temi sono simili a quelli tipici della tradizione letteraria occidentale: ad esempio, la storia che racconta del mostro Tepegoz (Goggle-eye in inglese) assomiglia molto a quella narrata nell'Odissea di Omero in cui si racconta del ciclope Polifemo; da ciò si evince che l'autore/gli autori del Libro di Dede Korkut conoscessero le opere greche, o che l'opera di Omero e il libro epico turco abbiano delle radici anatoliche in comune.

===Contents===

The twelve stories that comprise the bulk of the work were written down after the Turks converted to Islam, and the heroes are often portrayed as good Muslims while the villains are referred to as [[infidel]]s, but there are also many references to the Turks' pre-Islamic magic. The character Dede Korkut, i.e. "Grandfather Korkut", is a widely renowned soothsayer and bard, and serves to link the stories together, and the thirteenth chapter of the book compiles sayings attributed to him. "In the dastans, Dede Korkut appears as the ''aksakal'' [literally 'white-beard,' the respected elder], the advisor or sage, solving the difficulties faced by tribal members. ... Among the population, respected aksakals are wise and know how to solve problems; among ''ashiks'' [reciters of dastans] they are generally called ''dede'' [grandfather]. In the past, this term designated respected tribal elders, and now is used within families; in many localities of Azerbaijan, it replaces ''ata'' [ancestor or father]."<ref name="aton.ttu.edu">[http://aton.ttu.edu/Introduction_to_DEDE_KORKUT.asp Prof. H.B.Paksoy (ed.), "Introduction to Dede Korkut" (As Co-Editor), ''Soviet Anthropology and Archeology'', Vol. 29, No. 1. Summer 1990; and, "M. Dadashzade on the Ethnographic Information Concerning Azerbaijan Contained in the Dede Korkut dastan", ''Soviet Anthropology and Archeology'', Vol. 29, No. 1. Summer 1990. Reprinted in H. B. Paksoy (Ed.), ''Central Asia Reader: The Rediscovery of History'' (New York/London: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), ISBN 1-56324-201-X (Hardcover); ISBN 1-56324-202-8 (pbk.)]</ref> The historian [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] (d. 1318) says that Dede Korkut was a real person and lived for 295 years; that he appeared in the time of the Oghuz ruler Inal Syr Yavkuy Khan, by whom he was sent as ambassador to the [[Prophet]]; that he became [[Muslim]]; that he gave advice to the Great Khan of the Oghuz, attended the election of the Great Khan, and gave names to children.<ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1974|p=12}}</ref>

Nel libro vengono descritte con enfasi le qualità fisiche e atletiche degli uomini nonché delle donne turche: tutti loro sono considerati atleti di grande qualità, specialmente per quanto riguarda l'andare a cavallo, la lotta libera, il polo, l'arcieria e il lancio del giavellotto, considerati come sport nazionali turchi.

The tales tell of warriors and battles and are likely grounded in the conflicts between the Oghuz and the [[Pechenegs]] and [[Kipchaks]]. Many story elements are familiar to those versed in the Western literary tradition.<ref>http://mbdincaslan.com/index.php/koseyazilari/item/448-karsilastirmalimitoloji</ref> For example, the story of a monster named "Goggle-eye" [[Tepegoz]] bears enough resemblance to the encounter with the [[Cyclops]] in [[Homer]]’s ''[[Odyssey]]'' that it is believed to have been influenced by the Greek epic or to have one common ancient Anatolian root. The book also describes in great detail the various sports activities of the ancient Turkic peoples: "Dede Korkut (1000–1300) clearly referred to certain physical activities and games. In Dede Korkut's description, the athletic skills of Turks, both men and women, were described to be "first-rate," especially in horse-riding, archery, [[cirit]] (javelin throw), wrestling and polo, which are considered Turkish national sports."<ref>[http://www.thesportjournal.org/2003Journal/Vol6-No3/turkey.asp Dr. Ergun Yurdadon, Chair of Recreation Management, United State Sports Academy, ''Sport In Turkey: The Pre-Islamic Period'', Volume 6, Number 3, Summer 2003]</ref>

====SynopsesSinossi====

(Titoli forniti dal traduttore Geoffrey Lewis)

(Titles given by translator Geoffrey Lewis.<ref>{{cite book|translator1-last=Lewis|translator1-first=Geoffrey|title=The Book of Dede Korkut|date=1974|publisher=Penguin|___location=London|isbn=0140442987|page=7}}</ref>)

# '''Boghach Khan Sonfiglio ofdi Dirse Khan''': tellsracconta thela storymiracolosa ofnascita the miraculous birth ofdi Boghach Khan, di come crescendo sia divenuto un guerriero portentoso e sia riuscti o ad accaparrarsi un regno how he grew up to become a mighty warrior and earned a princedom, how his father Dirse Khan was tricked by his own warriors into trying to kill him, how his mother (unnamed) saved his life, and how he rescued his father from the treacherous warriors; Korkut arrives at the celebration and creates the story;

# '''How Salur Kazan's House was Pillaged''': tells how the [[infidel]] (i.e., non-Muslim) [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] King Shökli raided Salur Kazan's encampment while Kazan and his nobles were hunting, how Kazan and the heroic shepherd Karajuk teamed up to track down Shökli, how Kazan's wife Lady Burla and son Uruz showed quick-thinking and heroism in captivity, and how Kazan's men arrived to help Kazan defeat Shökli;

# '''Bamsi Beyrek of the Grey Horse''': tells how the young son of Prince Bay Büre proved his worth and earned the name Bamsi Beyrek, how he won the hand of Lady Chichek against the resistance of her brother Crazy Karchar, how he was kidnapped by King Shökli's men and help captive for 16 years, and how he escaped upon hearing that Lady Chichek was being given to another man and how he won her back; Korkut appears as an actor in the story, giving Beyrek his name and later helping him outwit Crazy Karchar;

Riga 85 ⟶ 84:

The majority of the Turkic peoples and lands described in the ''Book of Dede Korkut'' were part of the [[USSR|Soviet Union]] from 1920 until 1991, and thus most of the research and interest originated there. The attitude towards the Book of Dede Korkut and other dastans related to the Turkic peoples was initially neutral.

[[Turkey|Turkish]] historian [[Hasan Bülent Paksoy]] argues that after Stalin solidified his grip on power in the USSR, and especially in the early 1950s, a taboo on [[Turkology]] was firmly established. He observes that the first full-text Russian edition of the Book of Dede Korkut, by Azerbaijani academicians [[Hamid Arasly|Hamid Arasli]] and M.G.Tahmasib and based on the Barthold translation of the 1920s, was published on a limited basis only in 1939 and again in 1950.<ref name="aton.ttu.edu">[http://aton.ttu.edu/Introduction_to_DEDE_KORKUT.asp Prof. H.B.Paksoy (ed.), "Introduction to Dede Korkut" (As Co-Editor), ''Soviet Anthropology and Archeology'', Vol. 29, No. 1. Summer 1990; and, "M. Dadashzade on the Ethnographic Information Concerning Azerbaijan Contained in the Dede Korkut dastan", ''Soviet Anthropology and Archeology'', Vol. 29, No. 1. Summer 1990. Reprinted in H. B. Paksoy (Ed.), ''Central Asia Reader: The Rediscovery of History'' (New York/London: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), ISBN 1-56324-201-X (Hardcover); ISBN 1-56324-202-8 (pbk.)]</ref><ref>{{harvp|Barthold|1962|pp=5–8}}</ref> He asserts, "Turk scholars and literati (who raised the same issues) were lost to the Stalinist 'liquidations' or to the 'ideological assault' waged on all dastans in 1950–52."<ref name="aton.ttu.edu"/> According to Paksoy, this taboo of the early 1950s was also expressed in the "Trial of Alpamysh" (1952–1957), when "all dastans of Central Asia were officially condemned by the Soviet state apparatus".

Soviet authorities criticized ''Dede Korkut'' for promoting [[bourgeois nationalism]]. In a 1951 speech delivered at the 18th Congress of the [[Azerbaijani Communist Party]], Azerbaijani communist leader [[Mir Jafar Baghirov]] advocated expunging the epic from [[Azerbaijani literature]], calling it a "harmful" and "antipopular book" that "is shot through with the poison of nationalism, chiefly against the [[Georgians|Georgian]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] brother-peoples."<ref>"Report by Comrade M[ir] D[zhafar Abbasovich] Bagirov at 18th Congress of Azerbaidzhan Communist Party on the Work of the Azerbaidzhan Communist Party Central Committee," ''Current Digest of the Russian Press'' No. 24, Vol. 23 (July 28, 1951), 8.</ref>

Riga 126 ⟶ 125:

{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Ettore Rossi|anno=1952|titolo=Osservazioni preliminari per una edizione critica del Kitab-i Dede Qorqut|rivista=Rivista degli studi orientali|volume=27|numero=|pp=68-73}}

{{Cita web|url=http://7buruk.blogspot.it/2010/01/dede-korkut-ethic.html|titolo=the Dede Korkut ethic|cognome=Meeker|nome=Michael|data=Agosto 1992|formato=online|volume=Volume 24 No. 3|pp=395-417}}

{{Cita libro|autore=Kamil Nerimanoğlu|titolo=The Poetics of "the Book of Dede Korkut|anno=1998|editore=|città=Ankara|p=|pp=|ISBN=}}