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'''Implicate order''' and '''explicate order''' are [[Ontology|ontological]] concepts for [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] coined by [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] [[David Bohm]] during the early 1980s. They are used to describe two different frameworks for understanding the same phenomenon or aspect of reality. In particular, the concepts were developed in order to explain the bizarre behavior of [[subatomic particle]]s – behavior difficult to explain by quantum physics.
In his book ''[[Wholeness and the Implicate Order]]'', Bohm uses these notions to describe how the same phenomenon might look different, or might be characterized by different principal factors, in different contexts such as at different scales.<ref name="wholeness">David Bohm: ''Wholeness and the Implicate Order'', Routledge, 1980 ({{ISBN|0-203-99515-5}}).</ref> The implicate
:In the enfolded [or implicate] order, [[space]] and [[time]] are no longer the dominant factors determining the relationships of dependence or independence of different elements. Rather, an entirely different sort of basic connection of elements is possible, from which our ordinary notions of space and time, along with those of separately existent material particles, are abstracted as forms derived from the deeper order. These ordinary notions in fact appear in what is called the "explicate" or "unfolded" order, which is a special and distinguished form contained within the general totality of all the implicate orders ({{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=xv}}).
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David Bohm, his co-worker [[Basil Hiley]], and other physicists of [[Birkbeck College]] worked toward a model of quantum physics in which the implicate order is represented in form of an appropriate [[algebra]] or other [[Pregeometry (physics)|pregeometry]]. They considered [[spacetime]] itself as part of an explicate order that is connected to an implicate order that they called ''pre-space.'' The [[spacetime manifold]] and the properties of [[Principle of locality|locality]] and [[Nonlocal Aharonov–Bohm effect|nonlocality]] all arise from an order in such pre-space. A. M. Frescura and Hiley suggested that an implicate order could be carried by an algebra, with the explicate order being contained in the various [[Algebra representation|representations]] of this algebra.<ref>F. A. M. Frescura, B. J. Hiley: [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/P12FrescandHiley3.pdf Algebras, quantum theory and pre-space], pp. 3–4 (published in Revista Brasileira de Fisica, Volume Especial, Julho 1984, Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg, pp. 49–86)</ref> (''See also:'' [[Basil Hiley#Implicate orders, pre-space and algebraic structures|Work by Bohm and Hiley on implicate orders, pre-space and algebraic structures]].)
In analogy to [[Alfred North Whitehead]]'s notion of 'actual occasion'<ref>A. N. Whitehead, <i>Process and Reality</i>, Corrected Edition, ed. D. Griffin and D. Sherburne (New York: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 18 ff.</ref>,
{{"| I propose that each moment of time is a projection from the total implicate order. The term ''projection'' is a particularly happy choice here, not only because its common meaning is suitable for what is needed, but also because its mathematical meaning as a projection operation, ''P'', is just what is required for working out these notions in terms of the quantum theory. }}
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Central to Bohm's schema are correlations between [[observable]]s of entities which seem separated by great distances in the explicate order (such as a particular electron here on earth and an [[alpha particle]] in one of the stars in the [[Abell 1835 IR1916|Abell 1835 galaxy]], the farthest galaxy from Earth known to humans), manifestations of the implicate order. Within quantum theory there is [[quantum entanglement|entanglement]] of such objects.
This view of order necessarily departs from any notion which entails signalling, and therefore causality. The correlation of
=== A common grounding for consciousness and matter ===
[[Image:Hersenen.png|thumb|150px|right|[[Karl H. Pribram]]'s research suggests that memories may not be localized in specific regions of brains]]
The implicate order represents the proposal of a general [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] concept in terms of which it is claimed that [[matter]] and [[consciousness]] might both be understood, in the sense that it is proposed that both matter and consciousness: (i) enfold the structure of the whole within each region, and (ii) involve continuous processes of enfoldment and unfoldment. For example, in the case of
Bohm went on to say: <blockquote>As in our discussion of matter in general, it is now necessary to go into the question of how in consciousness the explicate order is what is manifest ... the manifest content of consciousness is based essentially on memory, which is what allows such content to be held in a fairly constant form. Of course, to make possible such constancy it is also necessary that this content be organized, not only through relatively fixed association but also with the aid of the rules of logic, and of our basic categories of space, time, causality, universality, etc. ... there will be a strong background of recurrent, stable, and separable features, against which the transitory and changing aspects of the unbroken flow of experience will be seen as fleeting impressions that tend to be arranged and ordered mainly in terms of the vast totality of the relatively static and fragmented content of [memories].<ref>{{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=205}}</ref></blockquote>
Bohm also claimed that "as with consciousness, each moment has a certain explicate order, and in addition it enfolds all the others, though in its own way. So the relationship of each moment in the whole to all the others is implied by its total content: the way in which it 'holds' all the others enfolded within it". Bohm characterises consciousness as a process in which at each moment, content that was previously implicate is presently explicate, and content which was previously explicate has become implicate.
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=== Implicate order in art ===
In the work ''[[Science, Order, and Creativity]]'' (Bohm and Peat, 1987), examples of implicate orders in science are laid out, as well as implicate orders which relate to painting, poetry
Bohm and Peat emphasize the role of orders of varying complexity, which influence the perception of a work of art as a whole. They note that implicate orders are accessible to human [[experience]]. They refer for instance to earlier notes which reverberate when listening to music, or various resonances of words and images which are perceived when reading or hearing poetry.
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[[Christopher Alexander]] discussed his work in person with Bohm, and pointed out connections among his work and Bohm's notion of an implicate order in ''[[The Nature of Order]]''.<ref>Christopher Alexander: ''[[The Nature of Order]], Book 4 – The Luminous Ground: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe'', Center for Environmental Structure, {{ISBN|978-0-9726529-4-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6CIHB3_1tLMC&pg=PA336 Footnotes 19 and 20 on p. 336], cited on [https://books.google.com/books?id=6CIHB3_1tLMC&pg=PA323 p. 323]</ref>
Bohm features as a fictional character in the novel ''The Wave'' by British author [[Lochlan Bloom]]. The novel includes multiple narratives and explores many of the concepts of Bohm’s work on implicate and explicate orders.<ref name="Shortlist">{{Cite|url= http://www.theshortstory.co.uk/the-short-story-interview-lochlan-bloom/|title=The Short Story Interview: Lochlan Bloom}}</ref>
== Challenges to some generally prevailing views ==
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His [[paradigm]] is generally opposed to [[reductionism]], and some view it as a form of [[ontological]] [[holism]]. On this, Bohm noted of prevailing views among physicists that "the world is assumed to be constituted of a set of separately existent, indivisible, and unchangeable 'elementary particles', which are the fundamental 'building blocks' of the entire universe ... there seems to be an unshakable faith among physicists that either such particles, or some other kind yet to be discovered, will eventually make possible a complete and coherent explanation of everything" ({{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=173}}).
In Bohm’s conception of order, primacy is given to the undivided whole, and the implicate order inherent within the whole, rather than to parts of the whole, such as particles, quantum states, and continua.
{{harvnb|Bohm|1980|p=11}}, said: "The new form of insight can perhaps best be called Undivided Wholeness in Flowing Movement. This view implies that flow is in some sense prior to that of the ‘things’ that can be seen to form and dissolve in this flow." According to Bohm, a vivid
=== Quantum theory and relativity theory ===
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