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<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Associativity-Based Routing|2=Talk:Associativity-based routing#Requested move 7 September 2018 }}
</noinclude>'''Associativity-based routing'''<ref>{{citation |title="Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks, Wireless Personal Communications Journal, 1997." |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="A novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing, Proc. of IEEE Fifteenth Annual International Phoenix Conference on computer communications, 1996." |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC}}</ref><ref name="auto">[[Chai Keong Toh]] Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-13-007817-9}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Long-lived ad-hoc routing based on the concept of Associativity, IETF Draft 1999" |url=https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/46/I-D/draft-ietf-manet-longlived-adhoc-routing-00.txt}}</ref> (commonly known as '''ABR''') is a mobile routing protocol invented for [[wireless ad hoc networks]] or also known as [[mobile ad hoc networks]] (MANETs) and [[wireless mesh network]]. ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a USA patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by [[Chai Keong Toh]] while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University. In the 1990s, our Internet was still largely wired. Toh was working on a different Internet – that of a rapidly deployable, infrastructureless, self-organizing, self-configuring mobile Internet. The challenges in such a network is mobility of nodes and link dynamics. Toh's prime argument is that there is no point in choosing a node to route packets if the route is unstable or going to be broken soon. So, he introduced a new routing metric (known as associativity ticks) and the concept of associativity, i.e., link stability among nodes over TIME and SPACE. Hence, ABR was born.
==Explanation==
In the early 1990s, the Internet is still largely wired. To achieve anytime anywhere computing, computers must be able to connect to each other wirelessly and automatically. The [[Internet Protocol]] at that time did not address mobility, and the formation of an rapidly deployable mobile Internet. The underlying protocols for Internet were TCP/UDP/IP. Those protocols do not support spontaneous network creation, and do not handle dynamics due to mobility of computers. The assumption was end hosts are static hosts, and they do not move. Another assumption was the network is wired (with copper wires or fiber).
Since existing Internet protocols cannot support ad hoc mobile computing, a new mobile Internet is needed. This calls for a new network layer software that will enable anytime and anywhere mobile computing, while at the same time, retaining compatibility with IP/UDP/TCP protocols already present in the wired Internet. ABR is an on-demand routing protocol, i.e., routes are created only as and when needed. This, in contrast, to the existing Internet where routes are immediately available and routing tables are constantly updated among routers. According to the publications,<ref name="auto"/> on-demand routing is chosen because it can reduce the amount of control packet traffic and this is suitable for a wireless network because bandwidth is limited.
==Route discovery phase==
==Practicality==
In 1998, ABR was successfully implemented<ref>{{citation |title="Mobile Computing Magazine Interview Article - First practical ad hoc wireless network implementation outdoors, 1999 |url=http://init.unizar.es/images/MobiCompMag1999.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Implementation and evaluation of an adaptive routing protocol for infrastructureless mobile networks, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 2000." |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/885465/}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Evaluating the communication performance of an ad hoc wireless network, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2000" |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=YTwSsH4AAAAJ&citation_for_view=YTwSsH4AAAAJ:WF5omc3nYNoC}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="Experimenting with an Ad Hoc wireless network, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Volume 28 Issue 3, Dec. 2000" |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=377622}}</ref> into the Linux kernel, in various different branded laptops (IBM Thinkpad, COMPAQ, Toshiba, etc.) that are equipped with [[WaveLAN]] 802.11a PCMCIA wireless adapters. A working 6-node wide [[wireless ad hoc network]] spanning a distance of over 600 meters was achieved and the successful event was published in Mobile Computing Magazine in 1999. Various tests were performed with the network:
# Transmission of up to 500MBytes of data from source to destination over 3-hop route.
# Impact of packet size on throughput
# Impact of beaconing interval on throughput and remaining battery life
In 2002, TRW Tactical Systems Incorporation implemented<ref>{{citation |title="Next-Generation Tactical Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, TRW Systems Journal, 2004 (PDF)" |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LJotUZzeYZxHUg1F8YMm2zS5OdNKgguQ}}</ref> an enhancement of the ABR protocol and successfully implemented on ORiNOCO WaveLAN 802.11b over an X windows system running Linux 5.2 Operating System on DELL laptops. The implementation and field test were done in an outdoor setting in [[Carson, California]] over a 6-node ad hoc network. The enhancement made to the protocol include:
* Network layer QoS
* Route precedence
* Route pre-emption
TRW investigators successfully transmitted 10Gbytes of large files, and did tests on route discovery, route repair, and measurements on delays. They recommended the use of Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) spectrum-aware MAC and the consideration of logical clustering to scale to 100,000 or more large scale ad hoc networks.
==Patent and applications==
ABR was granted a US patent 5987011<ref>{{citation |title="A Routing Method for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks, US Patent 5987011, granted 1996, filed 1994. " |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5987011}}</ref> and the assignee being [[King's College Cambridge]], UK. ABR was subsequently licensed to a US defense corporation. Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks bloom with US defense spending<ref>{{citation |title="US Defense Spending Outlook" |url=https://cit.com/thought-leadership/us-defense-spending-industry-outlook/?cmp=paidsearch&gclid=Cj0KEQiAperBBRDfuMf72sr56fIBEiQAPFXszXJSUmhVzQx8nvTO-_D_DomeLEkW4rqNBnL09JQb8l4aAuaU8P8HAQ&jcpid=8a8ae4cd56581431015659d1200a185b&jsf=790d9e37-8253-492c-9760-301ebc6d7513:35584}}</ref> over $2 Billion in programs and research by [[DARPA]], DoD, Air Force, Coast Guards, and US Navy.<ref>{{citation |title="Naval Communications" |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11605/chapter/8#153}}</ref>
In October 2013, the '''Storm Disaster Sandy''' hit the USA, and US Coast Guards used mobile ad hoc networking technology to quickly established networks to facilitate rescue operations. Many lives were saved.<ref>{{citation |title="After Sandy hit, Coast Guard comms got ... better" |url=https://gcn.com/articles/2013/10/07/gcn-award-coast-guard-trident.aspx}}</ref>
In '''US Operation Enduring Freedom''' on wars with Afghanistan, tactical ad hoc mobile communications is used in the battlefield.<ref>{{citation |title="Army networking radios improve communications at tactical edge" |url=https://www.army.mil/article/68498/Army_networking_radios_improve_communications_at_tactical_edge}}</ref>
'''Globally''', defense and national science organizations in other countries have also invested heavily on research programs related to mobile ad hoc networks. Such countries include USA, UK,<ref>{{citation |title="UK MoD High Capacity Tactical Ad Hoc Radio" |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514562/HOCS_F0I_2016_11086____Information_on_use_at_High_Capacity_Data_Radio__HCDR_.pdf}}</ref> Canada, Sweden, Singapore, Australia,<ref>{{citation |title="Australia DSTO Military ad-hoc wireless network" |url=http://www.acorn.net.au/show/project/57/}}</ref> Germany, Norway,<ref>{{citation |title="Research Council of Norway, VERDIKT Program" |url=http://wiki.unik.no/media/Swacom/SwacomProjectProposal.pdf}}</ref> France, Switzerland, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Finland, etc.
Many industries have since contributed to the development of tactical ad hoc mobile radios and networking products, including:
* Harris
* BBN
* Raytheon
* Cisco
* Thales
* MeshDynamics
* Persistent Systems
* Rockwell Collins
* ITT Defense
* XES Inc.,
* Lockheed Martin
* Northrop Grumman
* General Dynamics
* SAIC
* BAE
In 2009, DARAP awarded $155Million<ref>{{cite |title="Defense Agency Awards Raytheon Up to $155 Million Contract to Develop an Interoperable Network Gateway" |url=http://investor.raytheon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84193&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=1308426}}</ref> contract to Raytheon to work on mobile ad hoc networking gateway. In 2002, 2012 and 2013, DoD awarded General Dynamics $75Million, $346Million and $475Million<ref>{{cite |title="General Dynamics Awarded $475 Million WIN-T Contract" |url=http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=general-dynamics-awarded-475-million-win-t-contract}}</ref> to work on WIN-T Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 respectively. WIN-T itself is a $6Billion<ref>{{cite |title="Army Awards First Contract in $6 Billion WIN-T Program" |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/army-awards-first-contract-in-6-billion-win-t-program-76642537.html}}</ref> program. In 2015, US Special Operations has awarded $390Million<ref>{{cite |title="US Special Operations award $390M to Harris" |url=https://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/10/08/special-operations-harris-radio-contract.aspx}}</ref> contract to Harris to build tactical radios with mobile ad hoc networking capability.
==Descendants==
Quite a few other mobile ad hoc routing protocols have incorporated ABR's stability concept or have done extensions and enhancement of ABR, such as Signal
Stability-based Adaptive Routing Protocol ('''SSA'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Signal stability based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad-hoc mobile networks"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=241244}}</ref> Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol ('''EABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Enhanced Associativity Based Routing Protocol"|url=http://thescipub.com/PDF/jcssp.2006.853.858.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title="FPGA Implementation of Enhanced ABR Protocol with Auto Defense Towards Malicious Node in MANETs" |url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/e0bd5c76b18707e80e90e15eb54be37e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1556339}}</ref> Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing ('''AEABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Alternative Enhancement of Associativity-Based Routing"|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11817-3_7#page-1
}}</ref> Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing ('''OABTR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Optimized Associativity Threshold Routing"|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.79.8653&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}</ref> Cluster Based Enhanced Associativity-Based Routing ('''CBE-ABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="CBE-ABR: A Cluster Based Enhanced Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks" |url=http://airccse.org/journal/cnc/1009s5.pdf}}</ref> Associativity-Based Clustering Protocol ('''ABCP'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Associativity-Based Clustering Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" |url=https://jan.newmarch.name/conferences/ccnc05/DATA/1-N03-04.PDF}}</ref> Associativity-Based Clustering and Query Stride ('''ABC-QS'''), <ref>{{citation |title="Associativity-Based Clustering and Query Stride for on-demand routing protocols in ad hoc networks "|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6596931/}}</ref> Stability-Based Multihop Clustering ('''SBMC'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Stability-Based Multi-Hop Clustering Protocol" |url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/43823278/Stability-based_multi-hop_clustering_pro20160317-32218-jdn2wu.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1480260646&Signature=p5yhUuqrcgQ5iZAIeUQmmgN%2BPGs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DStability-Based_Multi-Hop_Clustering_Pro.pdf}}</ref> Associativity-Based Energy Aware Clustering ('''AB-EAC'''),<ref>{{citation |title="An Associativity Based Energy Aware Clustering Technique for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14493-6_37}}</ref> Fuzzy Based Trust Associativity-Based Routing ('''Fuzzy-ABR'''), Associativity Tick Averaged Associativity-Based Routing ('''ATA-AR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Associativity Tick Averaged Associativity-Based Routing for Realtime Mobile Networks" |url=http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/8a07694d909694a_ek.pdf}}</ref> Self-adaptive Q-learning based trust ABR ('''QTABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Self-Adaptive Trust Based ABR Protocol for MANETs Using Q-Learning" |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164804/}}</ref> Quality of Service Extensions to ABR ('''QoSE-ABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Adding Quality of Service Extensions to the Associativity Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1487990}}</ref> TABU Search Initiated Associativity-Based Routing ('''TIG-ABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Improved Associativity Based Routing for Multi Hop Networks Using TABU Initialized Genetic Algorithm" |url=http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer16/ijaerv11n7_28.pdf}}</ref> Associativity-based Multicast Routing ('''ABAM'''),<ref>{{citation |title="ABAM: On-Demand Associativity-Based Multicast" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3874369_ABAM_On-Demand_Associativity-Based_Multicast_Routing_for_Ad_Hoc_Mobile_Networks}}</ref> Multipath Associativity Based Routing ('''MABR'''),<ref>{{citation |title="Multipath Associativity Based Routing"|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1044034}}</ref> and so on. The stability concept is also applied to [[wireless sensor network]]s<ref>{{citation |title="Associative routing for wireless sensor networks" |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366411000326}}</ref> and [[vehicular ad hoc network]]s (VANETs).<ref>{{citation |title="A Stable Routing Protocol for Vehicles in Urban Environments" |url=http://dsn.sagepub.com/content/9/11/759261.full}}</ref>
==References==
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