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'''''Mycobacterium avium complex''complex''' is a group of [[mycobacteria]] comprising '''''Mycobacterium intracellulare''''', '''''Mycobacterium avium''''', and '''''Mycobacterium chimaera''''' that are commonly grouped together because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]]. These bacteria cause disease in humans called [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection|''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare'' infection]] or ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex infection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mycobacterium Avium Complex. MAI; MAC Information|url=https://patient.info/doctor/mycobacterium-avium-complex|publisher=Patient Info|date=29 August 2014}}</ref>
==Description==
In the [[Runyon classification]] ,all three are nonchromogens. They can be differentiated from ''M. tuberculosis'' and each other viaby commercially available [[DNA probes]].<ref name=Tropical>{{cite book|last1=Jones-Lopez|first1=Edward C.|last2=Ellner|first2=Jerrold J.|editor1-last=Guerrant|editor1-first=Richard L.|editor2-last=Walker|editor2-first=David H.|editor3-last=Weller|editor3-first=Peter F.|title=Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens, & practice|date=2011|publisher=Saunders|___location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780702039355|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 35: Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections}}</ref>{{rp|245}}
"[They are characterized as [Gram-positive]]", nonmotile, and [[acid-fast]], short to long rods.
'''Colony characteristics'''
*Usually, colonies are smooth, rarely rough, and nonpigmentednot pigmented [[Colony (biology)|colonies]]. AgeingOlder colonies may become yellow.
'''Physiology'''
*Growth on [[Löwenstein-Jensen]] medium and [[Middlebrook 7H10]] occurs at 37[[°C]] after 7 or more days.
*ResistantThe complex is resistant to [[isoniazid]], [[ethambutol]], [[rifampin]], and [[streptomycin]].
'''Differential characteristics'''
*''M. intracellulare'' and ''MycobacteriumM. avium'' form the ''M. avium'' complex] (MAC).
*Remarkable [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] heterogeneity is seen within different ''M. intracellulare'' isolates.
==Type strains==
''M. intracellulare'' type strains include [[American Type Culture Collection|ATCC]] 13950, CCUG 28005, CIP 104243, DSM 43223, JCM 6384, and NCTC 13025.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=8403&submit=Search Type strain of ''Mycobacterium intracellulare'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>
''M. avium'' type strains include [[American Type Culture Collection|ATCC]] 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=8419 Type strain of ''Mycobacterium avium'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>
''M. chimaera'' type strains include DSM 44623 and CIP 107892.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=8528 Type strain of ''Mycobacterium chimaera'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>
==Human health==
[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection|MAC infection]] can cause chronic pulmonary disease, and [[lymphadenitis]], and can cause disseminated disease, especially in people with [[immunodeficiency]].<ref name=Tropical/>{{rp|245}}
==History==
In 2004, Tortoli et al. proposed the name ''M. chimaera'' for strains that a reverse hybridization–based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (''M. avium–M. intracellulare–M. scrofulaceum'' group), but were different from ''M. avium'', ''M. intracellulare'', or ''M. scrofulaceum''. The new species name comes from the [[chimera (mythology)|chimeraChimera]], a mythological being made up of parts of 3three different animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry |first=Ronnie |last2= |first2= |date=March 2017 |title=Etymologia: Mycobacterium chimaera |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2303.ET2303 |journal= Emerg Infect Dis |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=499 |doi=10.3201/eid2303.ET2303 |access-date=March 14, 2017 |quote=Citing public ___domain text from the CDC.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tortoli|first1=E|last2=Rindi|first2=L|last3=Garcia|first3=MJ|last4=Chiaradonna|first4=P|last5=Dei|first5=R|last6=Garzelli|first6=C|last7=Kroppenstedt|first7=RM|last8=Lari|first8=N|last9=Mattei|first9=R|last10=Mariottini|first10=A|last11=Mazzarelli|first11=G|last12=Murcia|first12=MI|last13=Nanetti|first13=A|last14=Piccoli|first14=P|last15=Scarparo|first15=C|title=Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=July 2004|volume=54|issue=Pt 4|pages=1277–85|pmid=15280303|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0}}</ref>
==References==
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