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'''Plate readers''', also known as '''microplate readers''' or '''microplate photometers''', are instruments which are used to detect [[biology|biological]], [[chemistry|chemical]] or [[physics|physical]] events of samples in [[microtiter plate]]s. They are widely used in research, [[drug discovery]], bioassay validation, quality control and manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry and academic organizations. Sample reactions can be assayed in 6-1536 well format microtiter plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. Higher density microplates (384- or 1536-well microplates) are typically used for screening applications, when throughput (number of samples per day processed) and assay cost per sample become critical parameters, with a typical assay volume between 5 and 50 µL per well. Common detection modes for microplate assays are absorbance, [[fluorescence]] intensity, [[luminescence]], [[Time-resolved spectroscopy#Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy|time-resolved fluorescence]], and [[fluorescence polarization]].
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* [[High-content screening]] (HCS) systems that image each well with high resolution, to look at cell populations
* Label-free instruments that use specialized microplates to measure binding events without the use of chemical markers
Known plate reader developers are the companies [[BioTek]] and [[BMG Labtech]].
==References==
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