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=== Double-byte character differences ===
In addition to the standard [[JIS X 0201]]:1997 and [[JIS X 0208]]:1997 characters, Windows-31J includes several JIS X 0208 extensions, namely "[[JIS X 0208#0x2D|NEC special characters]] (Row 13), NEC selection of IBM extensions (Rows 89 to 92), and IBM extensions (Rows 115 to 119)",<ref name="iana31j" /> in addition to setting some encoding space aside for [[Private Use Areas#Private-use characters in other character sets|end user definition]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.miloush.net/michkap/archive/2007/05/26/2901371.html | title=The PUA outside of Unicode | author=Kaplan, Michael S | work=Sorting it all out | date=2007-05-26}}</ref> This also differs from [[Code page 932 (IBM)|IBM-932]], which does not include the NEC extensions or NEC selection.<ref name="ibm932v943"/>
Some of these representations were subsequently used for different characters by [[JIS X 0213]] and [[Shift JIS-2004]]. For example, compare row 89 in JIS X 0213 (beginning 硃, 硎, 硏…)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/iso-ir/233.pdf | title=233: Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange, Plane 1 | publisher=IPSJ}}</ref> to row 89 as used by JIS X 0208 with IBM/NEC extensions (beginning 纊, 褜, 鍈…).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/jis0208.html | title=Index jis0208 visualization | publisher=WHATWG | work=Encoding Standard}}</ref> Consequently, Shift JIS-2004 is not compatible with Windows-31J.
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