Creative visualization: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:20, 5 November 2018

Revision as of 00:10, 18 November 2018

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The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to [[Cicero]]'s reference to '''''mentis oculi''''' during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of [[simile]].<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XCU9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q&f=false Cicero, ''De Oratore'', Liber III: XLI: 163.]</ref>

In this discussion, Cicero observed that allusions to "the [[Gulf of Gabès|Syrtis]] of his patrimony" and "the [[Charybdis]] of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched"; and he advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively) — on the grounds that, "theThe eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only heard"."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ciceroonoratorya00ciceuoft#page/239/mode/1upWatson, J.S. (trans. and ed.), ''Cicero on Oratory and Orators'', Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239.]</ref>

The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer's]] (c.1387) [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale|Man of Law's Tale]] in his [[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]], where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"; namely—namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind.".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/canterburyprol00chauuoft#page/78/mode/1up ''The Man of Laws Tale'', lines 550-553.]</ref>

==Visual and non-visual mental imagery==

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{{See also|Closed-eye hallucination}}

According to the computational theory of imagery,<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Image and mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.</ref><ref>Kosslyn, S. M. (1987). Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres. A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp148–175.</ref><ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994.</ref> which is derivedderives from [[experimental psychology]], the process of creative visualization comprises four stages:<ref>

*Kosslyn, S. M., Image and mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.

*Kosslyn, S. M. (1987). Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres—A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, 1987, pp148–175.

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==Absorption and attention==

In order forFor the participant to benefit from this staged process of creative visualization, he or she must be capable of or susceptible to [[Absorption (psychology)|absorption]], which is an "openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences".<ref>Tellegen, A., and Atkinson, G., Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (absorption), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1974, pp268–277.</ref><ref>Tellegen, A., A brief manual for the differential personality questionnaire. Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 1982.</ref>

Furthermore, the process of processing visual images places considerable demands upon cognitive attentional resources, including [[working memory]].<ref>Bexton, W. H., Heron, W., and Scott, T. H., Effects of decreased variation in the sensory environment. Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1954, pp70–76.</ref><ref>Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., and Smeets, M. A. M., Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2011, pp32–37.</ref>

Consequently, in clinical practice, creative visualization is often provided as part of a multi-modal strategy that integrates other [[Mind–body interventions|interventions]], most commonly [[guided meditation]] or some form of [[Meditation|meditative praxis]], relaxation techniques, and [[meditation music]] or [[Music therapy|receptive music therapy]], because those methods can increase the participant's or patient's capacity for or susceptibility to absorption, enhance control of attention, and replenish requisite cognitive resources, thereby increasing the potential efficacy of creative visualization.<ref>Bond, K., Ospina, M. B., Hooton, N., Bialy, L., Dryden, D. M., Buscemi, N., Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Dusek, J., and Carlson, L. E., 'Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for "meditation"'. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2009, pp129–137.</ref><ref>Shapiro, D. H. Jnr., 'Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies'. In Shapiro, D.H Jnr. and Walsh, R.N. (Eds.) Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. Piscataway, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 1984, pp5-12.</ref>

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==Guided imagery==

Although, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people<ref>Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909.</ref><ref>Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref> and even with visual images remaining the most extensively [[research]]ed and documented in [[Scientific method|scientific]] literature,<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.</ref><ref>Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.</ref> the term "creative visualization" is far less frequently used in scientific, [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]], and [[Scholarly method|scholarly publications]] than the term "''guided imagery"'', which research authors use commonly bothuse to indicate the generation, maintenance, inspection, and transformation of mental imagery across all modalities, and into referringrefer exclusively and specifically to the processing of visual imagery exclusively and specifically. Also, some authors use the term "creative visualization" interchangeably with "guided imagery". Meanwhile, others refer to guided imagery in a way to indicate that it includes creative visualization.<ref>Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Creative Visualization] with those containing 'Guided Imagery' [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Guided Imagery].</ref><ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015</ref>

Furthermore, investigative, [[Clinical trial|clinical]], scientific, and academic authors frequently measure, analyze, and discuss the effects of both creative visualization and guided imagery, collectively and inseparably from the other mind–body interventions with which they are commonly combined, includingwith—including [[meditation music]] or [[Music therapy|receptive music therapy]], relaxation, [[guided meditation]] or [[Meditation|meditative praxis]], and [[Writing therapy|self-reflective diary-keeping or journaling]],. withThis theoften result thatmakes it is often difficult to attribute positive or negative outcomes to any one of the specific techniques.<ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA.</ref><ref>Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87.</ref><ref>Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502.</ref>

== Effectiveness ==