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The open source model for software development inspired the use of the term to refer to other forms of open collaboration, meaning |
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Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the [[open-source software movement]], including the [[Apache Software Foundation]], which supports community projects such as the open-source framework [[Apache Hadoop]] and the open-source [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] server [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache HTTP]].
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The open-source model is a decentralized [[software development]] model that encourages [[open collaboration]],<ref name="doi.org">Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442 Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]. ''Organization Science'', {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2013.0872}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jo4hAQAAIAAJ|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary|last=Raymond|first=Eric S.|publisher=OReilly|year=2001|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7|authorlink=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed|date=November 2012}}</ref> meaning "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="doi.org"/> A main principle of [[open-source software development]] is [[peer production]], with products such as source code, [[blueprint]]s, and documentation freely available to the public. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in [[open-source appropriate technology]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |volume=14 |issue= 3|pages=425–431 |year=2012 |doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361|last1=Pearce |first1=Joshua M }}</ref> and open-source drug discovery.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ "Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open-source drug research for TB" Business Standard, 1 March 2009]</ref><ref>[[OpenWetWare:OSDDMalaria:GSK Arylpyrrole Series:Story so far|"Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium]]</ref>▼
The open source model for software development inspired the use of the term to refer to other forms of [[open collaboration]], meaning "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="doi.org"/> It is prominently observed in [[open source software]], but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003">Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. ''Research Policy'', 32, 923–943 {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.290305}}</ref> [[mailing list]]s<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008">Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220521057_Knowledge_Collaboration_Among_Professionals_Protecting_National_Security_Role_of_Transactive_Memories_in_Ego-Centered_Knowledge_Networks Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks]. ''Organization Science'', 19(2), 260-276 {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1070.0315}}</ref> and [[online communities]].<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011">Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). [http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities]. ''Organization Science'', 22(5), 1224-1239, {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1100.0614}}</ref> Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, including [[bitcoin]], [[TEDx]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="kurzweilai.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations|title=Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - KurzweilAI|publisher=}}</ref>▼
▲The open source model for software development inspired the use of the term to refer to other forms of
Open collaboration is the principle underlying [[peer production]], [[mass collaboration]], and [[wikinomics]].<ref name="doi.org"/> It was observed initially in open source software, but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003"/> [[mailing list]]s,<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008"/> Internet [[community|communities]],<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011"/> and many instances of [[open content]], such as [[creative commons]]. It also explains some instances of [[crowdsourcing]], [[collaborative consumption]], and [[open innovation]].<ref name="Levine2013">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 | issn = 1047-7039 | pages = 131230050407004 | last = Levine | first = Sheen S. | author2=Michael J. Prietula | title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance | journal = Organization Science | accessdate = 2014-08-31 | date = 2013-12-30 | url = http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 | arxiv = 1406.7541 }}</ref>
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An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the [[International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration]] (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensym.org/about-us/|title=About|work=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration}}</ref> As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."<ref name="Opensym">{{Cite web | title = Definition of Open Collaboration | work = The Joint International Symposium on Open Collaboration | author = Dirk Riehle | quote ="Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian （everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist）, meritocratic （decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed） and self-organizing （processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes）." | accessdate = 2013-03-26 | url = http://www.wikisym.org/2012/09/28/definition-of-open-collaboration/ }}</ref>
▲A main principle of [[open-source software development]] is [[peer production]], with products such as source code, [[blueprint]]s, and documentation freely available to the public. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in [[open-source appropriate technology]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |volume=14 |issue= 3|pages=425–431 |year=2012 |doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361|last1=Pearce |first1=Joshua M }}</ref> and open-source drug discovery.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ "Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open-source drug research for TB" Business Standard, 1 March 2009]</ref><ref>[[OpenWetWare:OSDDMalaria:GSK Arylpyrrole Series:Story so far|"Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium]]</ref>
=== Open-source license ===
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