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''Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines''
(FCCM '97, April 16–18, 1997), pp. 24–33.
</ref> Elixent, NGEN,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCaskill|first=John S.|last2=Chorongiewski|first2=Harald|last3=Mekelburg|first3=Karsten|last4=Tangen|first4=Uwe|last5=Gemm|first5=Udo|date=1994-09-01|title=NGEN — Configurable computer hardware to simulate long-time self-organization of biopolymers|journal=Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie|language=en|volume=98|issue=9|pages=1114|doi=10.1002/bbpc.19940980906|issn=0005-9021}}</ref> Polyp,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Evolvable systems : from biology to hardware : second International Conference, ICES 98, Lausanne, Switzerland, September 23-25, 1998 : proceedings|date=1998|publisher=Springer|others=Sipper, Moshe., Mange, Daniel, 1940-, Pérez-Uribe, Andrés., International Conference on Evolvable Systems (2nd : 1998 : Lausanne, Switzerland)|isbn=978-3540649540|___location=Berlin|oclc=39655211}}</ref> MereGen,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Coupling of biological and electronic systems : proceedings of the 2nd Caesarium, Bonn, November 1-3, 2000|date=2002|publisher=Springer|others=Hoffmann, K.-H. (Karl-Heinz)|isbn=978-3540436997|___location=Berlin|oclc=49750250}}</ref> PACT XPP, Silicon Hive, Montium, Pleiades, Morphosys, and PiCoGA.<ref>Campi, F.; Toma, M.; Lodi, A.; Cappelli, A.; Canegallo, R.; Guerrieri, R., "A VLIW processor with reconfigurable instruction set for embedded applications", Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC. 2003 IEEE International, vol., no., pp. 250–491 vol. 1, 2003</ref> Such designs were feasible due to the constant progress of silicon technology that let complex designs be implemented on one chip. Some of these massively parallel reconfigurable computers were built primarily for special subdomains such as molecular evolution, neural or image processing. The world's first commercial reconfigurable computer, the Algotronix CHS2X4, was completed in 1991. It was not a commercial success, but was promising enough that [[Xilinx]] (the inventor of the [[FPGA|Field-Programmable Gate Array]], FPGA) bought the technology and hired the Algotronix staff.<ref>[http://www.algotronix.com/people/tom/album.html Algotronix History]</ref> Later machines enabled first demonstrations of scientific principles, such as the spontaneous spatial self-organisation of genetic coding with MereGen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Füchslin|first=Rudolf M.|last2=McCaskill|first2=John S.|date=2001-07-31|title=Evolutionary self-organization of cell-free genetic coding
==Theories==
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[[File:FPGARetrocomputing.jpg|An FPGA board is being used to recreate the Vector-06C computer|thumb]]
With the advent of affordable FPGA boards, students' and hobbyists' projects seek to recreate vintage computers or implement more novel architectures.<ref name="apple">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~sedwards/apple2fpga/|title=Apple2 FPGA|accessdate=6 Sep 2012
}}</ref><ref name="risc">{{cite web|url=http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/Articles/Miscellaneous/RISC.pdf |title=The Design of a RISC Architecture
|url=http://www.fpgacpu.org/papers/soc-gr0040-paper.pdf|title=Designing a Simple FPGA-Optimized RISC CPU and System-on-a-Chip|accessdate=6 Sep 2012
}}</ref> Such projects are built with reconfigurable hardware (FPGAs), and some devices support emulation of multiple vintage computers using a single reconfigurable hardware ([[C-One]]).
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