Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:38, 31 January 2019

Revision as of 13:56, 17 February 2019

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For more thorough and technical reviews of the main criticisms please refer to the following resources:

*{{cite book |first=Jeroen G. W. |last=Raaijmakers |chapter=The story of the two-store model of memory: past criticisms, current status, and future directions |title=Attention and performance |volume=XIV (silver jubilee volume) |pages=467–488 |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, MA |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-262-13284-28}}

* {{cite journal |last=Baddeley |first=Alan |title=The magical number seven: still magic after all these years? |journal=Psychological Review |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=353–356 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8022967 |doi= 10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.353}}

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<ref name=AtkinsonShiffrin1968>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson | first1=R.C.| last2=Shiffrin| first2=R.M.| editor-first=K.W.| editor-last=Spence| editor2-first=J.T.| editor2-last=Spence |title=The psychology of learning and motivation|volume=2| publisher= New York: Academic Press|year=1968 |pages=89–195 |chapter=Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes}}</ref>

<ref name=AtkinsonShiffrin1971>{{cite journal |last1=Atkinson |first1=Richard C. |last2=Shiffrin |first2=Richard M. |title=The control of short-term memory |journal=Scientific American |volume= 225|issue=2 |pages=82–90 |date=August 1971 |PMIDpmid=5089457 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0871-82}}</ref>

<ref name=BaddeleyHitch1974>{{cite book |last1=Baddeley |first1=Alan D. |last2=Hitch |first2=Graham J. |chapter=Working memory |editor-last=Bower |editor-first=Gordon H. |title=The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory |volume=8 |pages=47–90 |___location=New York |publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>

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<ref name=Bahrick1984>{{cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Harry P. |title=Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |volume=113 |issue=1 |date=March 1984 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.1}}</ref>

<ref name=BjorkWhitten1974>{{cite journal |last1=Bjork |first1=Robert A. |authorlink1=Robert A. Bjork |last2=Whitten |first2=William B. |title=Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall |journal=Cognitive Psychology |year=1974 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(74)90009-7}}</ref>

<ref name=ColtheartLeaThompson1974>{{cite journal |last1=Coltheart |first1=Max |last2=Lea |first2=C David |last3=Thompson |first3=Keith |title=In defence of iconic memory |journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=26 |issue=4 |year=1974 |pages=633–641 |doi=10.1080/14640747408400456}}</ref>

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|translator2=Clara E. Bussenius|date=1913|___location=New York |publisher=Teachers College, Columbia University |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/}}</ref>

<ref name=Estes1972>{{cite book |last=Estes |first=William K. |chapter=An associative basis for coding and organization in memory |title=Coding Processes in Human Memory |editor1-last=Melton |editor1-first=Arthur W. |editor2-last=Martin |editor2-first=Edwin |pages=161–90 |___location=Washington, DC |publisher=Winston |isbn=978-0-470-59335-6|year=1972 }}</ref>

<ref name=HealyEtAl1992>{{cite book |last1=Healy |first1=Alice F. |last2=Fendrich |first2=David W. |last3=Crutcher |first3=Robert J. |last4=Wittman |first4=William T. |last5=Gesi |first5=Antoinette T. |last6=Ericsson| first6=K. Anders |last7=Bourne |first7=Lyle E. Jr. |chapter=The long-term retention of skills |editor1-last=Healy |editor1-first=Alice F. |editor2-last=Kosslyn |editor2-first=Stephen M. |editor3-last=Shiffrin |editor3-first=Richard M. |title=From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes: Essays in Honor of William K. Estes |volume=2 |year=1992| ___location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Erlbaum |pages=87–118 |isbn=978-0-8058-0760-8}}</ref>

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<ref name=Hebb1961>{{cite book |last=Hebb |first=Donald O. |chapter=Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal |editor-last=Delafresnaye |editor-first=Jean Francisque |title=Brain mechanisms and learning |___location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=1961 |pages=37–46}}</ref>

<ref name=HowardKahana1999>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Marc W. |last2=Kahana |first2=Michael J. |title=Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |year=1999 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=923–941 |doi=10.1016/j.jml.2010.11.003|pmid=21379369 |pmc=3046415 }}</ref>

<ref name=HowardKahana2002>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Marc W. |last2=Kahana |first2=Michael J. |title=A distributed representation of temporal context |journal=Journal of Mathematical Psychology |date=June 2002 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=269–299 |doi=10.1006/jmps.2001.1388}}</ref>

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<ref name=Melton1963>{{cite journal |last=Melton |first=Arthur W. |title=Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory |journal=DTIC Document |date=October 1963 |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0422425 |accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Miller1956>{{cite journal |author=Miller G A |title=The magical number seven. |journal=Psychological Review |volume= 63 |issue=2 |pages=81–97 |year=1956 |doi=10.1037/h0043158 |pmid=13310704|citeseerx=10.1.1.308.8071 }}</ref>

<ref name=Milner1962>Milner, B. (1962). Physiologie de l'hippocampe, P. Passouant, ed. (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), pp. 257–272.</ref>

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<ref name=NeathCrowder1990>{{cite journal |last1=Neath |first1=Ian |last2=Crowder |first2=Robert G. |title=Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=March 1990 |pages=316–327 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.16.2.316}}</ref>

<ref name=Norman1969>{{cite journal |last=Norman |first=Donald A. |title=Memory while shadowing |journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=85–93 |doi=10.1080/14640746908400200|pmid=5777987 }}</ref>

<ref name=PetersonPeterson1959>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Lloyd |last2=Peterson |first2=Margaret Jean |title=Short-term retention of individual verbal items |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=58 |issue=3 |date=September 1959 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1037/h0049234 |pmid=14432252|citeseerx=10.1.1.227.1807 }}</ref>

<ref name=PhillipsShiffrinAtkinson1967>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=James L. |last2=Shiffrin |first2=Richard J. |last3=Atkinson |first3=Richard C. |title=The effects of list length on short-term memory |journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |year=1967 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80117-8}}</ref>

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<ref name=RaaijmakersShiffrin1981>{{cite journal |last1=Raaijmakers |first1=Jeroen G. W. |last2=Shiffrin |first2=Richard M. |title=Search of associative memory |journal=Psychological Review |year=1981 |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=93–134 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.88.2.93}}</ref>

<ref name=Raaijmakers1993>{{cite book |first=Jeroen G. W. |last=Raaijmakers |chapter=The story of the two-store model of memory: past criticisms, current status, and future directions |title=Attention and performance |volume=XIV (silver jubilee volume) |pages=467–488 |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, MA |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-262-13284-28}}</ref>

<ref name=Shiffrin1975>{{cite book |last=Shiffrin |first=Richard M. |chapter=Short-term store: The basis for a memory system |year=1975 |editor1-last=Restle |editor1-first=F. |editor2-last=Shiffrin |editor2-first=Richard M. |editor3-last=Castellan |editor3-first=N. J. |editor4-last=Lindman |editor4-first=H. |editor5-last=Pisoni |editor5-first=D. B. |title=Cognitive theory |volume=1 |pages=193–218 |___location=Hillsdale, New Jersey |publisher=Erlbaum}}</ref>

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<ref name=SirotinKimballKahana2005>{{cite journal |last1=Sirotin |first1=Yevgeniy B. |last2=Kimball |first2=Daniel R. |last3=Kahana |first3=Michael J. |title=Going beyond a single list: Modeling the effects of prior experience on episodic free recall |journal=Psychonomic Bulletin and Review |year=2005 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=787–805 |doi=10.3758/BF03196773}}</ref>

<ref name=Sperling1960>{{cite journal |last=Sperling |first=George |title=The information available in brief visual presentations |journal=Psychological Monographs: General and Applied |volume=74 |issue=11 |year=1960 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1037/h0093759|citeseerx=10.1.1.207.7272 }}</ref>

<ref name=Treisman1964>{{cite journal |last=Treisman |first=Anne |title=Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention |journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |volume=3 |issue=6 |date=December 1964 |pages=449–459 |issn=0022-5371 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5371(64)80015-3}}</ref>