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| journal = ACM SIGPLAN Notices
| volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 72–83
| url = http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mwh/papers/ginseng.pdf
| doi = 10.1145/1133255.1133991
| year = 2006 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.625.4663 }}</ref> If a function is proven ''cons-free'', it can be updated even if it is live on the stack, since it will not cause a type error by accessing state using the old representation.
Empirical analysis of ''cons-freeness'' and activeness safety by Hayden et all show that both techniques permit most correct updates and deny most erroneous updates. However, manually selecting update points results in zero update errors, and still allows frequent update availability.<ref name="testing" />
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=== {{Anchor|STACKTOOL}}Ksplice, kpatch and kGraft ===
{{Category see also|Linux kernel live patching}}
[[Ksplice]] is a DSU system that targets only the [[Linux kernel]], making itself one of the specialized DSU systems that support an [[operating system kernel]] as the target program. Ksplice uses source-level [[diff]]s to determine changes between current and updated versions of the Linux kernel, and then uses binary rewriting to insert the changes into the running kernel.<ref name="ksplice">{{cite
| title = Ksplice: automatic rebootless kernel updates
| author-first1 = Jeff | author-last1 = Arnold
| author-first2 = M. Frans | author-last2 = Kaashoek | author-link2 = Frans Kaashoek
| year = 2009
| journal = Proceedings of the 4th ACM European
| pages = 187 | doi = 10.1145/1519065.1519085
| url = https://www.ksplice.com/doc/ksplice.pdf
| isbn = 9781605584829 }}</ref> Ksplice was maintained by a commercial venture founded by its original authors, Ksplice Inc., which was acquired by [[Oracle Corporation]] in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/Acquisitions/ksplice/index.html
| title = Oracle and Ksplice
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| author-first1 = Kristis | author-last1 = Makris
| author-first2 = Rida A. | author-last2 = Bazzi
| journal = Proceedings of the 2009
| url = http://files.mkgnu.net/files/upstare/doc/misc/upstare_usenix_09.pdf
| year = 2009
| |||