Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:56, 17 February 2019

Revision as of 06:04, 26 February 2019

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[[Iconic memory]], which is associated with the [[visual system]], is perhaps the most researched of the sensory registers. The original evidence suggesting sensory stores which are separate to short-term and long-term memory was experimentally demonstrated for the visual system using a [[tachistoscope]].<ref name=Sperling1960 />

[[Iconic memory]] is only limited to field of vision. That is, as long as a stimulus has entered the field of vision there is no limit to the amount of visual information iconic memory can hold at any one time. As noted above, sensory registers do not allow for further processing of information, and as such iconic memory only holds information for visual stimuli such as shape, size, color and ___location (but not semantic meaning).<ref name=Sperling1960 /> As the higher-level processes are limited in their capacities, not all information from sensory memory can be conveyed. It has been argued that the momentary mental freezing of visual input allows for the selection of specific aspects which should be passed on for further memory processing.<ref name=ColtheartLeaThompson1974 /> The biggest limitation of iconic memory is the rapid decay of the information stored there; items in iconic memory decay after only 0.5-15–1.0 seconds.<ref name=Sperling1960 />

===Echoic memory===

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Memories stored in long-term store are retrieved through a logical process involving the assembly of cues, sampling, recovery, and evaluation of recovery. According to the model, when an item needs to be recalled from memory the individual assembles the various cues for the item in the short-term store. In this case, the cues would be any cues surrounding the pair ''blanket – ocean'', like the words that preceded and followed it, what the participant was feeling at the time, how far into the list the words were, etc.

Using these cues the individual determines which area of the long-term store to search and then samples any items with associations to the cues. This search is automatic and unconscious, which is how the authors would explain how an answer "pops" into one's head. The items which are eventually recovered, or recalled, are those with the strongest associations to the cue item, here ''blanket''. Once an item has been recovered it is evaluated, here the participant would decide whether ''blanket -– [recovered word]'' matches ''blanket – ocean''. If there is a match, or if the participant believes there is a match, the recovered word is output. Otherwise the search starts from the beginning using different cues or weighting cues differently if possible.<ref name=RaaijmakersShiffrin1981 />

===Recency effects===

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===Problems for the SAM model===

The SAM model faces serious problems in accounting for long-term recency data<ref name=BjorkWhitten1974 /> and long-range contiguity data.<ref name=HowardKahana1999 /> While both of these effects are observed, the short-term store cannot account for the effects. Since a distracting task after the presentation of word pairs or large interpresentation intervals filled with distractors would be expected to displace the last few studied items from the short-term store, recency effects are still observed. According to the rules of the short-term store, recency and contiguity effects should be eliminated with these distractors as the most recently studied items would no longer be present in the short-term memory. Currently, the SAM model competes with single-store free recall models of memory, such as the Temporal Context Model.<ref name=HowardKahana2002/> In this study the impact of age and level of maturation on participants ability to recall images from STM was investigated. It was hypothesised that students who fell in the age bracket of sixteen and 18 years would have greater recall ability and perform better on the STM recall imagery test than, eleven to thirteen year old. Additionally, the original model assumes that items in a particular list the only significant associations between items are those formed during the study portion of an experiment. In other words, it does not account for the effects of prior knowledge about to-be-studied items. A more recent extension of the model incorporates various features which allow the model to account for memory store for the effects of prior semantic knowledge and prior episodic knowledge. For years there has been investigation regarding the level and capacity of STM. past research that has influenced the experiment is Atkinson - ShiffrinAtkinson–Shiffrin memory model. The model asserts. The experiment is focusing on the 'short term store', which holds information for the duration of twelve seconds and has a capacity of 7 ± 2 items. this has influenced the researches amount of images presented and how long they are viewed for. The extension proposes a store for preexisting semantic associations; a contextual drift mechanism allowing for decontextualisation of knowledge, e.g. if you first learned a banana was a fruit because you put it in the same class as apple, you do not always have to think of apples to know bananas are fruits; a memory search mechanism that uses both episodic and semantic associations, as opposed to a unitary mechanism; and a large lexicon including both words from prior lists and unpresented words.<ref name=SirotinKimballKahana2005 />

==References==