Turbo code: Difference between revisions

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In the figure, ''M'' is a memory register. The delay line and interleaver force input bits d<sub>k</sub> to appear in different sequences.
At first iteration, the input sequence ''d''<sub>k</sub> appears at both outputs of the encoder, ''x''<sub>k</sub> and'' y''<sub>1k</sub> or ''y''<sub>2k</sub> due to the encoder's systematic nature. If the encoders ''C''<sub>1</sub> and ''C''<sub>2</sub> are used respectively in ''n''<sub>1</sub> and ''n''<sub>2</sub> iterations, their rates are respectively equal to
 
:<math>\begin{align}