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== Geology ==
Baseflow is derived from [[bedrock]] [[water storage]] near surface [[valley]] [[soil]]s and [[riparian zone]]s. Water [[Percolation|percolates]] to [[groundwater]] and then flows to a [[body of water]]<sup>.</sup> Baseflow depletion curve is the declining of baseflow/groundwater and soil reserves.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition|last=Ward, Andy and Trimble, Stanley|publisher=CRC Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-4200-5661-7|___location=|pages=}}</ref> The volume and rate of water moving as baseflow can be affected by [[macropore]]s, [[micropores]], and other fractured conditions in the soil and shallow [[Geomorphology|geomorphic]] features. Infiltration to recharge subsurface storage increases baseflow. Evapotranspiration reduces baseflow because trees absorb water from the ground. In the fall baseflow can increase before it starts to rain because the trees drop their leaves and stop drinking as much water.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Key concepts in geomorphology|last=R.|first=Bierman, Paul|others=Montgomery, David R., 1961-, University of Vermont., University of Washington.|isbn=9781429238601|___location=New York, NY|oclc=868029499|date = 2013-12-27}}</ref> [[River incision]] can decrease the baseflow by lowering the [[water table]] and [[aquifer]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=California rivers and streams : the conflict between fluvial process and land use|
Good baseflow is connected to surface water that is located in permeable, soluble, or highly fractured bedrock. Bad baseflow is in [[crystal]]line or massive bedrock with minor fracturing and doesn’t store water. Losing reaches is when the water flow decreases as it travels downstream and is fracturing deeper than surface water or in karst geology because limestone and dolomite high storage. Gaining reaches is when flow increases as it travels downstream. Gaining reaches are common in humid mountainous regions where the water table is above the surface water and the water flows from high head to low head following [[Darcy's law|Darcy’s Law]].<ref name=":1" />
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