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=== Human ===
When specified, derived or implicit test oracles cannot be used, then human input to determine the test oracles is required. These can be thought of as quantitative and qualitative approaches.<ref name="Oracle survey"/>{{rp|519–520}}
* A quantitative approach aims to find the right amount of information to gather on a system under test (e.g. test results) for a stakeholder to be able to make decisions on fit-for-purpose / release of the software.
* A qualitative approach aims to find the representativeness and suitability of the input test data and context of the output from the system under test. An example is using realistic and representative test data and making sense of the results (if they are realistic).