The aforementioned DOE multiscale modeling efforts were hierarchical in nature. The first concurrent multiscale model occurred when Michael Ortiz (Caltech) took the molecular dynamics code, Dynamo, (developed by Mike Baskes at Sandia National Labs) and with his students embedded it into a finite element code for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Quasicontinuum Analysis of Defects in Solids|journal = TaylorandPhilosophical FrancisMagazine A|date = 1996-09-27|pages = 1529–1563|volume = 73|issue = 6|doi = 10.1080/01418619608243000|first = E.B.|last =Tadmore|first2 = M.|last2 = Ortiz|first3 = R.|last3 = Phillips|bibcode = 1996PMagA..73.1529T }}</ref> [[Martin Karplus]], [[Michael Levitt]], [[Arieh Warshel]] 2013 were awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of a multiscale model method using both classical and quantum mechanical theory which were used to model large complex chemical systems and reactions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Karplus|first=Martin|date=2014-09-15|title=Development of Multiscale Models for Complex Chemical Systems: From H+H2 to Biomolecules (Nobel Lecture)|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=53|issue=38|pages=9992–10005|doi=10.1002/anie.201403924|pmid=25066036|issn=1521-3773}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Warshel|first=Arieh|date=2014-09-15|title=Multiscale Modeling of Biological Functions: From Enzymes to Molecular Machines (Nobel Lecture)|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=53|issue=38|pages=10020–10031|doi=10.1002/anie.201403689|issn=1521-3773|pmid=25060243|pmc=4948593}}</ref>
