Outline of natural language processing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:55, 14 June 2019

Revision as of 19:50, 14 June 2019

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* [[Speech synthesis#History|History of speech synthesis]]

* [[Turing test]] – test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior, equivalent to or indistinguishable from, that of an actual human. In the original illustrative example, a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being. All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," which opens with the words: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'"

* [[Universal grammar]] &ndash; theory in [[linguistics]], usually credited to [[Noam Chomsky]], proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain.<ref>[{{cite web|url=http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_rouge06.html McGill University, |title=Tool Module: Chomsky’s Universal Grammar]|website=thebrain.mcgill.ca}}</ref> The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught (''see'' [[poverty of the stimulus]]), and that there are properties that all natural [[human languages]] share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.

* [[ALPAC]] &ndash; was a committee of seven scientists led by John R. Pierce, established in 1964 by the U. S. Government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics in general and machine translation in particular. Its report, issued in 1966, gained notoriety for being very skeptical of research done in machine translation so far, and emphasizing the need for basic research in computational linguistics; this eventually caused the U. S. Government to reduce its funding of the topic dramatically.

* [[Conceptual dependency theory]] &ndash; a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems. [[Roger Schank]] at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence.<ref>[[Roger Schank]], 1969, ''A conceptual dependency parser for natural language'' Proceedings of the 1969 conference on Computational linguistics, Sång-Säby, Sweden pages 1-3</ref> This model was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner.

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* [[William Aaron Woods]] &ndash;

* [[Maurice Gross]] &ndash; author of the concept of local grammar,<ref name="AHI">[http://hdl.handle.net/2042/14456 Ibrahim, Amr Helmy. 2002. "Maurice Gross (1934-2001). À la mémoire de Maurice Gross". ''Hermès'' 34.]</ref> taking finite automata as the competence model of language.<ref name="RD">[http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/kaliedoscope/mauricegross13.pdf Dougherty, Ray. 2001. ''Maurice Gross Memorial Letter''.]</ref>

* [[Stephen Wolfram]] &ndash; CEO and founder of [[Wolfram Research]], creator of the programming language (natural language understanding) [[Wolfram Language]], and natural language processing computation engine [[Wolfram Alpha]].<ref>http{{cite web|url=https://blog.wolfram.com/2010/11/16/programming-with-natural-language-is-actually-going-to-work/|title=Programming with Natural Language Is Actually Going to Work—Wolfram Blog|publisher=}}</ref>

* [[Victor Yngve]] &ndash;