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In the literature, several HIL specific applications are reported and simplified HIL simulators were built according to some specific purpose.<ref name=brake/><ref>A. Cebi, L. Guvenc, M. Demirci, C. Karadeniz, K. Kanar, and E. Guraslan, "A low cost, portable engine electronic control unit hardware-in-the-loop test system", ''Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics'', 2005.</ref><ref>J. Du, Y. Wang, C. Yang, and H. Wang, "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation approach to testing controller of sequential turbocharging system", ''Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics'', 2007.</ref> When testing a new ECU software release for example, experiments can be performed in open loop and therefore several engine dynamic models are no longer required. The strategy is restricted to the analysis of ECU outputs when excited by controlled inputs. In this case, a Micro HIL system (MHIL) offers a simpler and more economic solution.<ref name=palladino>A. Palladino, G. Fiengo, F. Giovagnini, and D. Lanzo, "A Micro Hardware-In-the-Loop Test System", ''IEEE European Control Conference'', 2009.</ref> Since complexity of models processing is dumped, a full-size HIL system is reduced into a portable device composed of a signal generator, an [[I/O]] board, and a console containing the actuators (external loads) to be connected to the ECU.
=== Aerospace and Defense ===
HIL simulation is used heavily due to the complexity of aerospace systems and the relative risk of accidents in [[Flight test|flight testing]]. Subcomponents such as computers, sensors, and avionics are either emulated in software or integrated with each other to create a representative simulation to test both system performance and failure modes. Typically, HIL simulation is utilised towards the latter stages of system development such as validation of [[software-in-the-loop]] (SILSIM) simulations. However, depending on the fidelity of the HIL simulation platform, they can also be used to validate design iterations in the preliminary design phases.
===Radar===
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