Content deleted Content added
m Minor edit: "it has regained interest since the mid-1980s" to "interest has been revived since the mid-1980s". |
m ce |
||
Line 5:
| first1 = A.G.
| title = Brief History of FFA Accelerators
| journal =
| date = Mar 2006
| url = http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/31130.pdf
Line 26:
===First development phase===
[[File:MichiganFFAGmark1.jpg|thumb|The Michigan Mark I FFA accelerator. This 400KeV electron accelerator was the first operational FFA accelerator. The large rectangular part on the right is the [[betatron]] transformer core.]]
The idea of fixed-field alternating-gradient synchrotrons was developed independently in Japan by [[Tihiro Ohkawa]], in the United States by [[Keith Symon]], and in Russia by [[Andrei Kolomensky]]. The first prototype, built by [[Lawrence W. Jones]] and [[Kent M. Terwilliger]] at the [[University of Michigan]] used [[betatron]] acceleration and was operational in early 1956.<ref>Lawrence W. Jones, Kent M. Terwilliger, [http://inspirehep.net/record/38999/files/MURA-104.pdf A Small Model Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Radial Sector Accelerator], Technical Report MURA-LWJ/KMT-5 (MURA-104), April 3, 1956; contains photos, scale drawings and design calculations.</ref> That fall, the prototype was moved to the [[Midwestern Universities Research Association]] (MURA) lab at [[University of Wisconsin]], where it was converted to a 500 keV electron [[synchrotron]].<ref name=JonesTerwilliger>{{Cite book | last1 = Jones | first1 = L. W. | chapter = Kent M. Terwilliger; graduate school at Berkeley and early years at Michigan, 1949–1959| title = Kent M. Terwilliger memorial symposium, 13−14 Oct 1989| series = [[AIP Conference Proceedings]] | doi = 10.1063/1.41146
| number = 2932797
| y = 1960
Line 102:
===Continuing development===
[[File:aspun.jpg|thumb|ASPUN ring (scaling FFA). The first ANL design ASPUN was a spiral machine designed to increase momentum threefold with a modest spiral as compared with the MURA machines.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ASPUN, Design for an Argonne Super Intense Pulsed Neutron Source|last1=Khoe|first1=T.K.|last2=Kustom|first2=R.L.|volume=30|issue=4|pages=2086–2088|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science|date=August 1983|doi=10.1109/tns.1983.4332724|bibcode=1983ITNS...30.2086K|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1108437/}}</ref>]]
[[File:PhilM3-Gode.pdf|thumb|Example of a 16-cell superconducting FFA. Energy: 1.6 GeV, average radius 26 m.]]
In the early 1980s, it was suggested by Phil Meads that an FFA was suitable and advantageous as a proton accelerator for an [[Spallation#Production of neutrons at a spallation neutron source|intense spallation neutron source]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=An FFA Compressor and Accelerator Ring Studied for the German Spallation Neutron Source|last1=Meads|first1=P.|last2=Wüstefeld|first2=G.|volume=32|issue=5 (part II)|pages=2697–2699|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science|date=October 1985|bibcode=1985ITNS...32.2697M|doi=10.1109/TNS.1985.4334153}}</ref> starting off projects like the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator at [[Argonne National Laboratory]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Argonne History: Understanding the Physical Universe |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |url = http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/physhist.html#neutrino|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040909173546/http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/physhist.html|archivedate=9 September 2004}}</ref> and the Cooler [[Synchrotron]] at [[Jülich Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fz-juelich.de/ikp/EN/Forschung/Beschleuniger/_doc/COSY.html|title=COSY - Fundamental research in the field of hadron, particle, and nuclear physics|publisher= Institute for Nuclear Physics|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref>
Line 124:
| first2 = G. | last2 = Wüstefeld
| title = An FFAG Compressor and Accelerator Ring Studied for the German Spallation Neutron Source
| journal =
| volume = 32
| issue = 5
| pages =
| year = 1985
| url = http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p85/pdf/pac1985_2697.pdf
| bibcode = 1985ITNS...32.2697M
| doi = 10.1109/TNS.1985.4334153
}}</ref> In 1994, a coil shape which provided the required field with no iron was derived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Superconducting magnet design for Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient (FFAG) Accelerator|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=2620–2623|date=July 1994|first1=M.|last1= Abdelsalam|first2= R.|last2= Kustom|doi=10.1109/20.305816|bibcode=1994ITM....30.2620A|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404050/}}</ref> This magnet design was continued by S. Martin ''et al.'' from [[Jülich]].<ref name=FFAGopts/><ref>{{cite journal|author=S. A. Martin|display-authors=etal|title=FFAG Studies for a 5 MW Neutron Source|journal=International Collaboration on Advanced Neutron Sources (ICANS)|date=24 May 1993}}</ref>
In 2010, after the workshop on FFA accelerators in [[Kyoto]], the construction of the [[EMMA (accelerator)|Electron Machine with Many Applications]] (EMMA) was completed at [[Daresbury Laboratory]], [[UK]]. This was the first non-scaling FFA accelerator. Non-scaling FFAs are often advantageous to scaling FFAs because large and heavy magnets are avoided and the beam is much better controlled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/P1251-cd/papers/65.pdf|title=Non-Scaling Fixed Field Gradient Accelerator (FFAG) Design for the Proton and Carbon Therapy|author=D. Trbojevic, E. Keil, A. Sessler|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>
| |||