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=== Fractals ===
{{see also|Fractal antenna}}
The use of [[fractal]] curves as a circuit component is an emerging field in distributed element circuits.<ref>Ramadan ''et al.'', p. 237</ref> Fractals have been used to make resonators for filters and antennae. One of the benefits of using fractals is their space-filling property, making them smaller than other designs.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191</ref> Other advantages include the ability to produce [[wide-band]] and [[Multi-band device|multi-band]] designs, good in-band performance, and good [[out-of-band]] rejection.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191–192</ref> In practice, a true fractal cannot be made because at each [[Iterated function system|fractal iteration]] the manufacturing tolerances become tighter and are eventually greater than the construction method can achieve. However, after a small number of iterations, the performance is close to that of a true fractal. These may be called ''pre-fractals'' or ''finite-order fractals'' where it is necessary to distinguish from a true fractal.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>
Fractals that have been used as a circuit component include the [[Koch snowflake]], [[Minkowski island]], [[Sierpiński curve]], [[Hilbert curve]], and [[Peano curve]].<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>. The first three are closed curves, but the latter two are open curves with terminations on opposite sides of the fractal. This makes them suitable for use where a connection in [[cascade connection|cascade]] is required.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>
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