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Added the "Markov-chain forecasting models"-part, with some examples
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==Tolerant Markov model==
A Tolerant Markov model (TMM) is a probabilistic-algorithmic Markov chain model.<ref name="TMMs">{{cite book |first1=D. |last1=Pratas |first2=M. |last2=Hosseini |first3=A. J. |last3=Pinho |chapter=Substitutional tolerant Markov models for relative compression of DNA sequences |title=PACBB 2017 – 11th International Conference on Practical Applications of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Porto, Portugal |pages=265–272 |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60816-7_32 |isbn=978-3-319-60815-0}}</ref> It assigns the probabilities according to a conditioning context that considers the last symbol, from the sequence to occur, as the most probable instead of the true occurring symbol. A TMM can model three different natures: substitutions, additions or deletions. Successful applications have been efficiently implemented in DNA sequences compression.<ref name="TMMs" /><ref name="GECO">{{cite book |first1=D. |last1=Pratas |first2=A. J. |last2=Pinho |first3=P. J. S. G. |last3=Ferreira |chapter-url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7786167/ |chapter=Efficient compression of genomic sequences |title=Data Compression Conference (DCC), 2016 |pages=231–240 |publisher=IEEE |year=2016 |doi=10.1109/DCC.2016.60|isbn=978-1-5090-1853-6 }}</ref>
 
==Markov-chain forecasting models==
Markov-chains have been used as a forecasting methods for several topics, for example price trends <ref name="SLS">{{cite journal |first1=E.G. |last1=de Souza e Silva |first2=L.F.L. |last2=Legey |first3=E.A. |last3=de Souza e Silva |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988310001271 |title=Forecasting oil price trends using wavelets and hidden Markov models |journal=Energy Economics |volume=32 |year=2010}}</ref>, wind power <ref name="CGLT">{{cite journal |first1=A |last1=Carpinone |first2=M |last2=Giorgio |first3=R. |last3=Langella |first4=A. |last4=Testa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779614004714 |title=Markov chain modeling for very-short-term wind power forecasting |journal=Electric Power Systems Research |volume=122 |year=2015}}</ref> and solar irradiance <ref name="MMW">{{cite journal |first1=J. |last1=Munkhammar |first2=D.W. |last2=van der Meer |first3=J. |last3=Widén |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X19303469 |title=Probabilistic forecasting of high-resolution clear-sky index time-series using a Markov-chain mixture distribution model |journal= Solar Energy |volume=184 |year=2019}}</ref>. The Markov-chain forecasting models utilize a variety of different settings, from discretizing the time-series <ref name="CGLT" /> to hidden Markov-models combined with wavelets <ref name="SLS" /> and the Markov-chain mixture distribution model (MCM) <ref name="MMW" />.
 
== See also ==