Visual modularity: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:59, 19 July 2019

Revision as of 19:11, 16 August 2019

Line 76:

|-

| Shape detection

| <ref name=pasupathy>{{cite book|last=Pasupathy|first=A|titlechapter=Neural basis of shape representation in the primate brain|year=2006|volume=154|pages=293–313|pmid=17010719|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(06)54016-6|series=Progress in Brain Research|isbn=9780444529664|title=Visual Perception - Fundamentals of Vision: Low and Mid-Level Processes in Perception}}</ref><ref name=david>{{cite journal|last=David|first=SV|author2=Hayden, BY |author3=Gallant, JL |title=Spectral receptive field properties explain shape selectivity in area V4|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=Dec 2006|volume=96|issue=6|pages=3492–505|pmid=16987926|doi=10.1152/jn.00575.2006}}</ref>

|-

| Link between [[Visual perception|vision]], [[attention]] and [[cognition]]

Line 84:

== Form processing ==

Another clinical case that would a priori suggest a module for modularity in visual processing is visual [[agnosia]]. The well studied patient DF is unable to recognize or discriminate objects<ref name=mishkin>{{cite journal|last=Mishkin|first=Mortimer|author2=Ungerleider, Leslie G. |author3=Macko, Kathleen A. |title=Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|year=1983|volume=6|pages=414–417|doi=10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-X}}</ref> owing to damage in areas of the lateral occipital cortex although she can see scenes without problem – she can literally see the forest but not the trees.<ref name=steeves>{{cite journal|last=Steeves|first=Jennifer K.E.|author2=Culham, Jody C. |author3=Duchaine, Bradley C. |author4=Pratesi, Cristiana Cavina |author5=Valyear, Kenneth F. |author6=Schindler, Igor |author7=Humphrey, G. Keith |author8=Milner, A. David |author9= Goodale, Melvyn A. |title=The fusiform face area is not sufficient for face recognition: Evidence from a patient with dense prosopagnosia and no occipital face area|journal=Neuropsychologia|year=2006|volume=44|issue=4|pages=594–609|doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.013|pmid=16125741|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/6186/1/6186.pdf}}</ref> [[Neuroimaging]] of intact individuals reveals strong occipito-temporal activation during object presentation and greater activation still for object recognition.<ref name=grillspector>{{cite journal|last=Grill-Spector|first=Kalanit|author2=Ungerleider, Leslie G. |author3=Macko, Kathleen A. |title=The neural basis of object perception|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|year=2003|volume=13|issue=3|pages=399|doi=10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00060-6}}</ref> Of course, such activation could be due to other processes, such as visual attention. However, other evidence that shows a tight coupling of [[perceptual]] and [[physiological]] changes<ref name=sheinberg>{{cite journal|last=Sheinberg|first=DL|author2=Logothetis, NK |title=Noticing familiar objects in real world scenes: the role of temporal cortical neurons in natural vision|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|date=Feb 15, 2001|volume=21|issue=4|pages=1340–50|pmid=11160405|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01340.2001}}</ref> suggests activation in this area does underpin object recognition. Within these regions are more specialized areas for face or fine grained analysis,<ref name=gauthier>{{cite journal|last=Gauthier|first=I|author2=Skudlarski, P |author3=Gore, JC |author4= Anderson, AW |title=Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition|journal=Nature Neuroscience|date=Feb 2000|volume=3|issue=2|pages=191–7|doi=10.1038/72140|pmid=10649576}}</ref> place perception<ref name=epstein>{{cite journal|last=Epstein|first=R|author2=Kanwisher, N |title=A cortical representation of the local visual environment|journal=Nature|date=Apr 9, 1998|volume=392|issue=6676|pages=598–601|doi=10.1038/33402|pmid=9560155}}</ref> and human body perception.<ref name=downing>{{cite journal|last=Downing|first=PE|author2=Jiang, Y |author3=Shuman, M |author4= Kanwisher, N |title=A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body|journal=Science|date=Sep 28, 2001|volume=293|issue=5539|pages=2470–3|doi=10.1126/science.1063414|pmid=11577239|citeseerx=10.1.1.70.6526}}</ref> Perhaps some of the strongest evidence for the modular nature of these processing systems is the [[double dissociation]] between object- and face (prosop-) agnosia. However, as with color and motion, early areas (see <ref name=pasupathy/> for a comprehensive review) are implicated too, lending support to the idea of a multistage stream terminating in the inferotemporal cortex rather than an isolated module.

== Functional modularity ==