Design methods: Difference between revisions

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The movement developed through further conferences on new design methods in the UK and USA in the 1960s.<ref>Gregory, S. A. (ed.) ''The Design Method''. Butterworth, UK.</ref><ref>Broadbent, G. and A. Ward (eds) (1969) ''Design Methods in Architecture'', Lund Humphries, UK</ref><ref>Moore, G. T. (ed.) (1970) ''Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning'', MIT Press, USA.</ref> The first books on rational design methods,<ref>Asimow, M. (1962) ''Introduction to Design'', Prentice-Hall, USA.</ref><ref>Alexander, C. (1964) ''Notes on the Synthesis of Form'', Harvard University Press, USA.</ref><ref>Archer, L. B. (1965) ''Systematic Method for Designers'', The Design Council, UK</ref> and on creative methods<ref>Gordon, W. J. (1961) ''Synectics'', Harper & Row, USA.</ref><ref>Osborn, A. F. (1963) ''Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking'', Scribener's Sons, USA.</ref> also appeared in this period.

New approaches to design were developing at the same time in Germany, notably at the [[Ulm School of Design]] (Hochschule für Gestaltung–HfG Ulm) (1953–1968) under the leadership of [[Tomás Maldonado]]. Design teaching at Ulm integrated design with science (including social sciences) and introduced new fields of study such as [[cybernetics]], [[systems theory]] and [[semiotics]] into design education.<ref>Krampen, M. and G. Hörman (2003) ''The Ulm School of Design'', Ernst & Sohn, Germany. p.85</ref> [[L. Bruce Archer|Bruce Archer]] also taught at Ulm, and another influential teacher was [[Horst Rittel]].<ref>Rith, C. and Dubberly, H,. (2007) "Why Horst W J Rittel Matters", ''Design Issues'', '''23''', 72–91</ref> In 1963 Rittel moved to the School of Architecture at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he helped found the Design Methods Group, a society focused on developing and promoting new methods especially in architecture and planning.

At the end of the 1960s two influential, but quite different works were published: [[Herbert A. Simon]]'s ''The Sciences of the Artificial'' and [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]]'s ''Design Methods''.<ref>Simon, H. A. (1969) ''The Sciences of the Artificial'', MIT Press, USA.</ref><ref>Jones, J. C. (1970) ''Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures'', Wiley, UK</ref> Simon proposed the "science of design" as "a body of intellectually tough, analytic, partly formalizable, partly empirical, teachable doctrine about the design process", whereas Jones catalogued a variety of approaches to design, both rational and creative, within a context of a broad, futures creating, systems view of design.