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== History ==
As early as 1936, [[Karl Ziegler]] proposed that anionic polymerization of styrene and butadiene by consecutive addition of monomer to an alkyl lithium initiator occurred without chain transfer or termination. Twenty years later, living polymerization was demonstrated by Szwarc.<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Szwarc |year=1956|title="Living" polymers|journal=Nature|volume=178|page=1168|doi=10.1038/1781168a0}}</ref> The early work of [[Michael Szwarc]] and co – workers in 1956 was one of the breakthrough events in the field of [[polymer science]]. When Szwarc learned that the [[electron transfer]] between [[radical anion]] of [[naphthalene]] and [[styrene]] in an [[aprotic solvent]] such as [[tetrahydrofuran]] gave a messy product, he started investigating the reaction in more detail. He proved that the electron transfer results in the formation of a [[dianion]] which rapidly added styrene to form a "two – ended living polymer." Being a [[physical chemist]], Szwarc set forth in understanding the mechanism of such living polymerization in greater detail. His work elucidated the [[chemical kinetics|kinetics]] and the [[thermodynamics]] of the process in considerable detail. At the same time, he explored the structure property relationship of the various [[ion pair]]s and radical ions involved. This had great ramifications in future research in polymer synthesis, because Szwarc had found a way to make polymers with greater control over [[molecular weight]], molecular weight distribution and the architecture of the polymer.<ref>Smid, J. Historical Perspectives on Living Anionic Polymerization. ''J. Polym. Sci. Part A.''; '''2002''', ''40'',pp. 2101-2107. [https://archive.today/20121012113202/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/94515609/abstract DOI=10.1002/pola.10286]</ref>
The use of [[alkali metals]] to initiate polymerization of 1,3-[[diene]]s led to the discovery by Stavely and co-workers at Firestone Tire and Rubber company of cis-1,4-[[polyisoprene]].<ref name=Odian>Odian, G. Ionic Chain Polymerization; In '' Principles of Polymerization''; Wiley-Interscience: Staten Island, New York, 2004, pp. 372-463.</ref> This sparked the development of commercial anionic polymerization processes that utilize alkyllithium initiatiors.<ref name="Quirk"/>
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