Content deleted Content added
m Minor edit. New paragraph. |
m Minor edit. Paragraphs. |
||
Line 99:
====Age====
Studies have shown that the likelihood of memory errors occurring increases as age increases. Possible reasons for this are increased [[Source of activation confusion model|source confusion]] for the event and findings that older persons have decreased [[levels of processing]] when first presented with new information.<ref name="kensinger1">Kensinger, E.A., & Corkin, S. (2004). The effects of emotional content and aging on false memories. ''Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioural Neuroscience, 4''(1), 1–9.</ref><ref name="schacter">Schacter, D.L., Koutstaal, W., & Norman, K.A. (1997). False memories and aging. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1''(6).</ref> Source confusion refers to the inability to distinguish how one came upon different information. Older individuals can become confused with where they learnt information (e.g. TV, radio, newspaper, word of mouth, etc.), who presented them with the information (e.g. which of two experimenters presented them with facts and which presented them with irrelevant information), and whether the information came from an imagined source, and is thus not factual, or a real world source.<ref name="schacter"/> This in itself is a form of memory error but can also create larger memory errors. When an older individual is confused whether the information is factual or was imagined they can begin to accept imagined memories as real and thus begin to rely on new false information.<ref name="schacter"/>
Levels of processing refers to the manner in which someone encodes information into their memory and how deeply it is encoded.<ref name="schacter"/> There are three different levels of processing ranging from shallow to deep, deep being stored in long-term memory for a longer period and thus better remembered. The three levels are; [[Visual|visual form]], being the shallowest form, [[phonology]], being a medium level of processing, and [[semantics]] (meaning), which is the deepest form of processing.<ref name="schacter"/> The visual form of processing relies on the ability to see information and break it down into its components (e.g. see the word "dog", composed D, O, and G). Phonology relies on creating links to information through sound such as cues and tricks for memory (e.g. Dog rhymes with Fog).<ref name="schacter"/> Finally, semantics refer to the creation of meaning behind information such as adding detail to allow the information to create links throughout our memory with other memories and thus be held in long-term memory for a longer period (e.g. A dog is a four-legged pet that often chases cats and chews on bones).<ref name="schacter"/> Older individuals often begin to lose the quick ability to add meaning to new information, which leads to shallower processing and easier forgetting of the information gained.<ref name="schacter"/> Both of these possible factors can decrease the validity of the memory due to retrieval for details of the event being more difficult to perform. This leads to details of memories being confused with others or lost completely, which lead to many errors in recall of a memory. ====Emotion====
| |||