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===Alzheimer's Disease===
Alzheimer’s Disease is characterized by progressive memory impairment and decline, usually beginning short-term memory.<ref name="Baddeley">Baddeley, A.D., Bressi, S., Della Sala, S., Logie, R., & Spinnler, H. (1991). The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. ''Brain, 114'', 2521–2542.</ref> As it is a progressive disease, Alzheimer’s usually begins with memory errors before proceeding to long-term memory stores. One form of memory error occurs in contrast to the theory of retrieval cues in being a reason for the occurrence of memory errors. As noted above, memory errors may be due to the lack of cues that can trigger a memory trace and bring it to awareness. However, studies have shown that the opposite may be true for patients with Alzheimer’s, such that cues may actually decrease perform on
[[Priming (psychology)|priming]] tasks.<ref name="Mimura">Mimura, M., & Komatsu, S.I. (2010). Factors of error and effort in memory intervention for patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnesic syndrome. ''Psychogeriatrics, 10'', 179–186.</ref> Patients also demonstrate errors known as misattribution errors, otherwise known as source confusion. However, studies show that these misattribution errors are dependent on whether the task is a familiarity or recollection tas.<ref name="Mitchell">Mitchell, J.P., Sullivan, A.L., Schacter, D.L., & Budson, A.E. (2006). Misattribution errors in Alzheimer’s disease: The [[illusory truth effect]]. ''Neuropsychology, 20''(2), 185–192.</ref> Although patients tend to exhibit a higher level of false recognitions than control groups.,<ref name="Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt, H., Haldenwanger, A., & Eling, P. (2009). False recognition helps to distinguish patients with Alzheimer’s disease and amnesic mci from patients with other kinds of dementia. ''Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28''(2).</ref> researchers have shown that they may exhibit less false-recognition early in the test due to familiarity being slower to develop. However, the observation of increasing instances of misattribution errors can be seen once familiarity does occur.<ref name="Mitchell"/> This may be related to the retrieval cue speculation, in that familiar memories often contain cues we know, and thus may be the reason why familiarity can contribute to memory errors. Lastly, many studies have shown that Alzheimer’s patients commonly suffer from intrusion errors. Relative to the findings that retrieval cues may actually hurt recall performance, one study by Kramer et al. showed that intrusions are most commonly associated with cue-recall tasks.<ref name="Kramer">Kramer, J.H., Delis, D.C., Blusewicz, M.J., & Brandt, J. (1988). Verbal memory errors in Alzheimer's and Huntington's dementias. ''Developmental Neuropsychology, 4''(1), 1–15.</ref> This study suggests that cues may lead to intrusions because patients may have a difficult time distinguishing between cues and distractions,<ref name="Kramer"/> which may help explain why cues increase memory errors in patients with Alzheimer’s. Since verbal intrusions are a common aspect of Alzheimer's,<ref name="Kern">Kern, B.S., Gorp, W.G.V., Cummings, J.L., Brown, W.S., & Osato, S.S. (1992). Confabulation in Alzheimer's disease. ''Brain and Cognition, 19''(2), 172–182.</ref> some researchers believe that this characteristic may be helpful in the diagnosis of the disease.<ref name="Fuld">Fuld, P.A., Katzman, R., Davies, P., & Terry, R.D. (2004). Intrusions as a sign of Alzheimer dementia chemical and pathological verification. ''Annals of Neurology, 11''(2), 155–159.</ref>
===Depression===
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