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A 2007 [[absorption spectroscopy|absorption spectroscopic]] analysis of quasars by Ryabinkov ''et al.'' observed a pattern of statistically significant alternating peaks and dips in the redshift range Δ''z'' = 0.0 − 3.7, though they noted no statistical correlation between their findings and Karlsson's formula.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ryabinkov| first1 = A. I. | last2 = Kaminker| first2 = A. D. | last3 = Varshalovich| first3 = D. A. | date=2007| title = The redshift distribution of absorption-line systems in QSO spectra| journal = Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. | volume = 376| issue = 4 | pages = 1838–18481 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11567.x | bibcode=2007MNRAS.376.1838R|arxiv = astro-ph/0703277 }}</ref>
In 2019, Karlsson's formula was applied to show that redshifts result from a Stimulated Raman Loss (SRL) of frequencies of light propagating in 2P state atomic hydrogen, so that Hubble's rule does not evaluate distances but column density of H in state 2P <ref>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02184296<\ref>. Thus, there is no need to introduce dark matter: As spiral galaxies contain a lot of hot stars, which excite H atom, their distances are over-evaluated. Thus their sizes must be reduced, so that they are stable without dark matter.
==References==
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