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<ref name="NEC_1992_Flyer">{{citation |title=NEC Pinwriter. Ein Maßstab in der Profiklasse. |language=de |edition=P-EAM-D-5/92 |publisher=[[NEC Deutschland GmbH]] |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |type=Printed 11-page color flyer about NEC Pinwriters P20/P30, P60/P70 and P90 |date=May 1992}}</ref>
<ref name="NEC_1993_EPROMs">{{cite book |title=Pinwriter Familie - Pinwriter - Epromsockel - Zusätzliche Zeichensätze / Schriftarten |language=de |publisher=[[NEC Deutschland GmbH]] |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 1993 |edition=00 3/93 |type=Printed reference manual for optional font and code page [[EPROM]]s for [[NEC Pinwriter]]s, including custom variants}}</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1998_USER-9">{{cite book |title=Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide |chapter=Chapter 9: Configuring the System |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1998 |orig-year=1993, 1997 |chapter-url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/09ugch9.htm#807 |
<ref name="Caldera_1998_USER-17">{{cite book |title=Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide |chapter=Chapter 17: Setting Up Code Page Switching |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1998 |orig-year=1993, 1997 |chapter-url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/17ugch17.htm |
<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds |work=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=1997-07-30 |edition=3 |version=Release 157 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |access-date=2012-01-11 |
<ref name="Paul_2001_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds |work=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-04-09 |edition=3 |version=Release 183 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_CPSwitchFD">{{cite web |title=Changing codepages in FreeDOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-08-15 |access-date=2016-06-06 |url=http://www.freedos.org/technotes/technote/txt/141.txt |type=Technical design specification based on fd-dev post [http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99788711909602&w=2<!-- https://archive.is/20141001010931/http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99788711909602&w=2 -->] |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606182501/http://www.freedos.org/technotes/technote/txt/141.txt |archive-date=2016-06-06 |quote=[…] The […] active system codepage […] sometimes also called global codepage […] is the codepage currently in use for the [[DOS kernel]], for example the collating order and other [[I18N]] tables depend on this codepage. While in most cases the system codepage reflects the codepage used for devices such as console ([[DISPLAY.SYS]]), printers ([[PRINTER.SYS]]), and keyboard ([[KEYB.COM]]), this is not a requirement as there are means to switch the individual device codepages without changing the system codepage (for example using [[MODE (DOS command)|MODE]]). Further, in dealing with [[National Language Support|NLS]] issues, it is important to distinguish between the currently active, the hardware, and the [[primary code page|primary codepage]]s for any device and/or the system. The hardware codepage is the default codepage supported by a device after initialization of the hardware. It normally defaults to [[Code page 437|437]] for the console, but some European clones have [[Code page 850|850]] stored in the video font ROMs, and I have been told that some Czech [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]] and [[Monochrome Display Adapter|MDA]] cards had [[Kamenický encoding|Kamenicky]] codepage 867 (aka [[Wordperfect]] codepage 895) stored in their ROMs. Most printers default to [[Code page 367|367]] ([[ISO-646-US]] 7-bit) or 437 on power up, and the default system, or global, codepage for the system is always 437 under [[DR-DOS]] […] but under [[MS-DOS]]/[[PC DOS]] it reflects the codepage entry in [[COUNTRY (CONFIG.SYS directive)|COUNTRY]]=country,codepage,filespec where it must be one of the codepages valid for the given country as per [[COUNTRY.SYS]] filespec - this is 437 (or 850 on newer systems) in most cases, but not necessarily. The default country is 1 (USA), the default filespec is "\COUNTRY.SYS", and if no filespec is found the system will work with the statically pre-initialized data in the kernel which is the data for the USA in most cases. If no codepage is given with COUNTRY, the [[DOS BIOS]] will search for the first codepage entry for a given country (or 1), this is called the primary codepage. The codepage value of 0 is used internally to retrieve this codepage, and for the COUNTRY.SYS file parsers in the DOS BIOS and [[NLSFUNC (DOS command)|NLSFUNC]], a codepage value of zero means "match any codepage, whatever comes first for the given country code". So, it depends on the order of codepage entries in the COUNTRY.SYS file if the system will default to 437, 850, or something else. […] However, some Arabic and Hebrew [[Hercules Graphics Card|HGC]] and CGA cards have multiple hardware fonts, so called fontpages, […] so that a device may support multiple hardware codepages at the same time. The corresponding fontpage functions are INT 2Fh/AD41h and INT 2Fh/AD42h. […] COUNTRY.SYS and [[KEYBOARD.SYS]] contain only two codepage entries for a given country in Western issues of DOS. (In [[Arabic MS-DOS|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew MS-DOS|Hebrew]] issues there can be up to 8 codepages for one country […]) […] When you specify a line like: [[DEVICE (CONFIG.SYS directive)|DEVICE]]=…\display.sys con=(ega,437,1) […] DISPLAY.SYS is told that 437 should be assumed to be the hardware codepage of the display adapter. This is necessary to be known by DISPLAY.SYS because it will use different mechanisms to switch to the software [[prepared code page|prepared codepage]]s and the hardware codepage, and there is no way to retrieve the info about the hardware codepage by itself. When the requested codepage is equal to the hardware codepage declared here, DISPLAY.SYS will use the method to switch to the hardware codepage, otherwise it will attempt to look up the font info in its internal buffer. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002-09-05">{{cite web |title=Technical info on undocumented DOS country info for LCASE, ARAMODE and CCTORC records |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-09-05 |work=FreeDOS development list fd-dev at Topica |url=http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.os.freedos.devel/364 |access-date=2016-05-26 |
<ref name="Paul_2002-12-04">{{cite web |title=DISPLAY CON: |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-12-04 |work=FreeDOS development list freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=103902610816421&w=2 |
<ref name="Prosise_1990">{{cite journal |author-first=Jeff |author-last=Prosise |author-link=Jeff Prosise |title=Tutor: Using code pages |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1990-05-15 |pages=327–328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYH0lLwKgAC&pg=PT334&lpg=PT334 |access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL">{{cite web |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |author-link=Ralf D. Brown |title=Public Files on FTP.CS.CMU.EDU - The x86 Interrupt List aka "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List" (RBIL) |date=2012-01-21 |orig-year=2000-07-16 |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |access-date=2016-06-16 |
<ref name="RBIL_61_INT15h_AX67C3h">{{cite web |editor-first=Ralf D. |editor-last=Brown |editor-link=Ralf D. Brown |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |title=INT 15h/AX=67C3h - Arabic/Hebrew MS-DOS 5.0+ - HGC & HGC/RAMFont support |work=[[RBIL]] 61 |date=2000 |url=http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/id/85/14.html |publisher=[[DJ Delorie]] |access-date=2016-06-09 |
<ref name="FreeBSD_2016_1">{{cite web |title=FreeBSD Handbook |at=22.4.1. Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and Setup: Locale Configuration for Specific Languages: Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding) |work=The FreeBSD Documentation Project |author=bhd |others=Chernov, Andrey |date=2016-06-04 |orig-year=1995 |version=48895 |url=https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/lang-setup.html |access-date=2016-06-12 |
<ref name="FreeBSD_2016_2">{{cite web |title=FreeBSD Handbook |at=22.5.1.3 Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and Setup: Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages: Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding): Printer Setup |work=The FreeBSD Documentation Project |author=bhd |others=Chernov, Andrey |date=2016-06-04 |orig-year=1995 |version=48895 |url=http://freebsd.therek.net/handbook/lang-setup.html |access-date=2016-06-12 |
<ref name="XyWrite_2009">{{cite web |title=Changing code pages |work=XyWrite III, XyWrite III Plus and Signature |id=Application Note #111 |url=http://www.xywrite.com/ttg/appnotes/app111.txt |orig-year=2002-09-04 |date=2009-04-25 |access-date=2016-06-12 |
<ref name="Chen_2005_CP">{{cite web |title=Keep your eye on the code page |author-first=Raymond |author-last=Chen |author-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |work=The Old New Thing |date=2005-03-08 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20050308-00/?p=36253 |access-date=2016-06-12 |
<ref name="Chen_2005_OEM">{{cite web |title=Why is the default console codepage called "OEM"? |author-first=Raymond |author-last=Chen |author-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |work=The Old New Thing |date=2005-08-29 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20050829-00/?p=34403 |access-date=2016-06-12 |
<ref name="Phoenix_1991_BIOS">{{cite book |title=System BIOS for IBM PCs, Compatibles, and EISA Computers — The Complete Guide to ROM-Based System Software |author=Phoenix Technologies, Ltd. |author-link=Phoenix Technologies |series=Phoenix Technical Reference Series |publisher=[[Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |edition=2 |year=June 1991 |___location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-201-57760-7 |pages=140–141 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780201577600}}</ref>
<ref name="Fujitsu_1994_DL6400_DL6600">{{cite book |title=Fujitsu DL6400/DL6600 Dot Matrix Printer User's Manual |publisher=[[Fujitsu Limited]] |date=April 1994 |id=C147-E015-01EN |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/COMP/fcpa/printers/dl6400_user-manual.pdf |access-date=2016-06-14 |
<ref name="Wilton_1987">{{cite book |title=Programmer's guide to the PC & PS/2 video systems |author-first=Richard |author-last=Wilton |date=1987 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Microsoft Press]] |isbn=1-55615-103-9}} (NB. The second edition does no longer discuss the [[Hercules InColor Card|InColor]] and [[Multi-Color Graphics Array|MCGA]] cards at detail level.)</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2012_HGCPlus">{{cite web |title=Hercules Graphics Card Plus: Notes |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2012-08-09 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/hercplus.html |access-date=2016-11-23 |
<ref name="Elliott_2012_InColor">{{cite web |title=Hercules InColor Card: Notes |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2012-08-05 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/incolor.html |access-date=2016-11-23 |
<ref name="Elliott_2005_MDA">{{cite web |title=Monochrome Display Adapter: Notes |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2005-11-06 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/mda.html |access-date=2016-11-23 |
<ref name="Ferraro_1994">{{cite book |title=Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA and Super VGA Cards |author-first=Richard F. |author-last=Ferraro |edition=3 |date=August 1994 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |isbn=0-201-62490-7 |id={{EAN|9780201624908}}}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY">{{cite web |title=DOS COUNTRY.SYS file format |type=COUNTRY.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-06-10 |edition=1.44 |orig-year=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older version of COUNTRY.LST --> |access-date=2016-08-20 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_CPI">{{cite web |title=Format description of DOS, OS/2, and Windows NT .CPI, and Linux .CP files |type=CPI.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-06-10 |edition=1.30 |orig-year=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older version of CPI.LST --> |access-date=2016-08-20 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2006_CPI">{{cite web |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |title=CPI file format |date=2006-10-14 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/DOS/CPI/cpi.html |access-date=2016-09-22 |
<ref name="AEB_2001_CPI">{{cite web |title=CPI fonts |author-first=Andries Evert |author-last=Brouwer |author-link=Andries Evert Brouwer |date=2001-02-10 |version=0.2 |url=https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/font-formats-3.html |access-date=2016-09-22 |
<ref name="Haralambous_2007_CPI">{{cite book |title=Fonts & Encodings |author-first=Yannis |author-last=Haralambous |translator-first=P. Scott |translator-last=Horne |___location=Sebastopol, California, USA |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media, Inc.]] |date=September 2007 |edition=1 |isbn=978-0-596-10242-5 |id={{ISBN|0-596-10242-9}} |pages=601–602, 611}}</ref>
<ref name="MS_1991_PR">{{cite book |title=MS-DOS Programmer's Reference |publisher=[[Microsoft Press]] |date=1991 |edition= |isbn=1-55615-329-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781556153297}}</ref>
<ref name="Hart_1985">{{cite journal |author-first1=Glenn A. |author-last1=Hart |author-first2=Jim |author-last2=Forney |title=Video Board Reviews: Persyst BoB Color Adapter |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1985-02-19 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis, Inc.]] |pages=121–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2ad61ZUYQMC&pg=PA132}}</ref>
<ref name="Derfler_1985">{{cite journal |author-first=Frank J. |author-last=Derfler, Jr. |title=Expansion Options: Persyst Color Combo: Fit for an XT |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1985-10-29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBnPebByBGkC&pg=PA195 |pages=196–199 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis, Inc.]] |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1988">{{cite journal |url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/grafik-und-netzwerk-auf-einer-karte,1154889 |access-date=2016-11-24 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |language=de |title=Hercules bringt neues PC-Board mit Ramfont: Grafik und Netzwerk auf einer Karte |author=CW |date=1988-04-22 |
<ref name="Hercules_1988">{{cite journal |date=1988-05-31 |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voPUUGTC56UC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262 |access-date=2016-11-24 |title=Hercules Network Card Plus |publisher=[[Ziff Davis, Inc.]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NEC_1983_APC">{{cite book |title=Advanced Personal Computer - MS-DOS System Programmer's Guide |publisher=[[NEC Corporation]] |author=[[NEC Information Systems, Inc.]] |date=November 1983
|id=part number 819-000104-3001 |edition=REV 00 |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/nec/APC/NEC_APC_MS-DOS_System_Programmers_Guide_Sep83.pdf |access-date=2016-11-25 |
<ref name="HP_1985_PP">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS |date=August 1985 |edition=1 |id=45559-90001 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Portable Computer Division |___location=Corvallis, OR, USA |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_hpportableblePLUSTechnicalReferenceManualAug1985_25919880 |access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>
<ref name="HP_1986_PP">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS |date=December 1986 |orig-year=August 1985 |edition=2 |id=45559-90006 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]] |___location=Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA |url=http://www.jeffcalc.hp41.eu/hpplus/files/techrefman.pdf |access-date=2016-11-27 |
<ref name="HP_1991_95LXUG">{{cite book |title=HP 95LX User's Guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |___location=Corvallis, OR, USA |edition=2 |date=June 1991 |orig-year=March 1991 |id=F0001-90003 |url=http://www.retroisle.com/others/hp95lx/OriginalDocs/95LX_UsersGuide_F1000-90001_826pages_Jun91.pdf |access-date=2016-11-27 |
<ref name="HP_1996_200LXUG">{{cite book |title=HP 200LX User's Guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Singapore (Private) Limited]], Asia-Pacific Personal Computer Division |___location=Singapore |edition=1 |date=October 1996
<ref name="Sargent_1988_Sirius">{{cite book |title=Assemblersprache und Hardware des IBM PC/XT/AT |language=de |author-first1=Murray |author-last1=Sargent III. |author-first2=Richard L. |author-last2=Shoemaker |author-first3=Ernst H. K. |author-last3=Stelzer |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Verlag (Deutschland) GmbH]] / [[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company]] |edition=1 |date=1988 |isbn=3-89319-110-0 |id=VVA-Nr. 563-00110-4}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?f=46&t=44883 |title=Non-US character ROMs from MDA/CGA/Hercules cards? |date=2015-09-14 |access-date=2016-06-09 |
{{Character encoding}}
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