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===Hearing===
Auditory stimuli follow conventional levels-of-processing rules, although are somewhat weaker in general [[Recollection|recall]] value when compared with vision. Some studies suggest that auditory weakness is only present for [[explicit memory]] (direct recall), rather than [[implicit memory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3758/BF03210786 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=130–133 |last=Habib |first=R |author2=Nyberg L |title=Incidental retrieval processes influence explicit test performance with data-limited cues |journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |year=1997 |url=http://www.psychonomic.org/search/view.cgi?id=821 |format=pdf |doi-access=free }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> When test subjects are presented with auditory versus visual word cues, they only perform worse on directed recall of a spoken word versus a seen word, and perform about equally on implicit free-association tests. Within auditory stimuli, semantic analysis produces the highest levels of recall ability for stimuli. Experiments suggest that levels-of-processing on the auditory level is directly correlated with neural activation.<ref name = Fletcher>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/brain/121.7.1239 | volume = 121 | issue = 7 | pages = 1239–1248 | last = Fletcher | first = PC |author2=Shallice T |author3=Dolan RJ | title = The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory. I. Encoding | journal = Brain | year = 1998 | url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/121/7/1239 | format = pdf
| pmid = 9679776 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Touch===
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|url=http://www.psychonomic.org/search/view.cgi?id=195
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|doi-access=free
}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In this study, subjects were presented with an object in both visual and tactile form (a subject is shown a sphere but cannot touch it, and later is given a similar sphere to only hold and not view). Subjects had more trouble identifying size difference in visual fields than using tactile feedback. A suggestion for the lower level of size processing in visual fields is that it results from the high variance in viewed object size due to perspective and distance.
===Smell===
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Several brain imaging studies using [[positron emission tomography]] and [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] techniques have shown that higher levels of processing [[correlate]] with more brain activity and activity in different parts of the brain than lower levels. For example, in a lexical analysis task, subjects showed activity in the [[prefrontal cortex|left inferior prefrontal cortex]] only when identifying whether the word represented a living or nonliving object, and not when identifying whether or not the word contained an "a".<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2008| volume = 91| issue = 6| pages = 2008–2011| last = Kapur
| first = S|author2=FIM Craik |author3=E Tulving |author4=AA Wilson |author5=S Houle |author6=GM Brown | title = Neuroanatomical Correlates of Encoding in Episodic Memory: Levels of Processing Effect | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | year = 1994 | pmid = 8134340| pmc = 43298 }}</ref> Similarly, an auditory analysis task showed increased activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex when subjects performed increasingly [[semantic]] word manipulations.<ref name = Fletcher/> Synaptic aspects of word recognition have been correlated with the [[Operculum (brain)|left frontal operculum]] and the cortex lining the junction of the inferior frontal and inferior precentral sulcus.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/cercor/10.7.698 | volume = 10 | issue = 7
| pages = 698–705 | last = Friederici | first = AD |author2=Opitz B |author3=Yves von Cramon D | title = Segregating semantic and syntactic aspects of processing in the human brain: an fMRI investigation of different word types | journal = Cereb. Cortex | year = 2000 | url = http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/10/7/698 | format = pdf | pmid = 10906316| doi-access = free }}</ref> The self-reference effect also has neural correlates with a region of the medial [[prefrontal cortex]], which was activated in an experiment where subjects analyzed the relevance of data to themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kelley | first = WM |author2=Macrae CN |author3=Wyland CL |author4=Caglar S |author5=Inati S |author6= Heatherton TF | title = Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1162/08989290260138672 | pages = 785–794 | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | pmid = 12167262 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.522.2494 }}</ref> Specificity of processing is explained on a neurological basis by studies that show brain activity in the same ___location when a visual memory is encoded and retrieved, and lexical memory in a different ___location.<ref name = Vaidya2002/> Visual memory areas were mostly located within the bilateral [[Extrastriate cortex|extrastriate visual cortex]].
==Mental disorders==
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===Autism===
In autistic patients, levels-of-processing effects are reversed in that semantically presented stimuli have a lower recall value than physically presented stimuli. In one study, [[phonological]] and [[orthography|orthographic]] processing created higher recall value in word list-recall tests.<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 40| issue = 7| pages = 964–969| last = Toichi| first = M |author2=Kamio Y | title = Long-term memory and levels-of-processing in autism| journal = Neuropsychologia | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00163-4| pmid = 11900748 }}</ref> Other studies have explicitly found non-semantically processed stimuli to be more accurately processed by autistic patients than in non-autistic patients.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/brain/awh561| volume = 128| issue = 10| pages = 2430–2441| last = Bertone| first = A |author2=Mottron L |author3=Jelenic P |author4=Faubert J | title = Enhanced and diminished visuo-spatial information processing in autism depends on stimulus complexity| journal = Brain | date = 2005-10-01| url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/128/10/2430| format = abstract| pmid = 15958508| doi-access = free}}</ref> No clear conclusions have been drawn as to the cause of this oddity.
==References==
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