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== History ==
Perkele
Estimation in biology/animal breeding using standard [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]]/[[Restricted maximum likelihood|REML]] methods of variance components such as heritability, shared-environment, maternal effects etc. typically requires individuals of known relatedness such as parent/child; this is often unavailable or the pedigree data unreliable, leading to inability to apply the methods or requiring strict laboratory control of all breeding (which threatens the [[external validity]] of all estimates), and several authors have noted that relatedness could be measured directly from genetic markers (and if individuals were reasonably related, economically few markers would have to be obtained for statistical power), leading Kermit Ritland to propose in 1996 that directly measured pairwise relatedness could be compared to pairwise phenotype measurements (Ritland 1996, [http://www.genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1996_Evolution_HeritInFieldModel.pdf "A Marker-based Method for Inferences About Quantitative Inheritance in Natural Populations"]<ref>see also Ritland 1996b, [http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1996_GenetResearch_r.pdf "Estimators for pairwise relatedness and individual inbreeding coefficients"]; Ritland & Ritland 1996, [http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1996_Evolution_HeritInFieldMimulus.pdf "Inferences about quantitative inheritance based on natural population structure in the yellow monkeyflower, ''Mimulus guttatus''"]; Lynch & Ritland 1999, [http://www.genetics.org/content/152/4/1753.full "Estimation of Pairwise Relatedness With Molecular Markers"]; Ritland 2000, [http://www.genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/RITLAND/reprints/2000_ME_Review.pdf "Marker-inferred relatedness as a tool for detecting heritability in nature"]; Thomas 2005, [https://www.dropbox.com/s/45kxuo2p00lii6k/2005-thomas.pdf "The estimation of genetic relationships using molecular markers and their efficiency in estimating heritability in natural populations"]</ref>).
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