== Surface templates for computational neuroanatomy and subcortical structures ==
The study of sub-cortical neroanatomyneuroanatomy has been the focus of many studies. Since the original publications by Csernansky and colleagues of hippocampal change in Schizophrenia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Csernansky|first=John G.|last2=Joshi|first2=Sarang|last3=Wang|first3=Lei|last4=Haller|first4=John W.|last5=Gado|first5=Mokhtar|last6=Miller|first6=J. Philip|last7=Grenander|first7=Ulf|last8=Miller|first8=Michael I.|date=1998-09-15|title=Hippocampal morphometry in schizophrenia by high dimensional brain mapping|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=95|issue=19|pages=11406–11411|issn=0027-8424|pmc=21655|pmid=9736749|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.19.11406|bibcode=1998PNAS...9511406C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Csernansky|first=John G.|last2=Wang|first2=Lei|last3=Jones|first3=Donald|last4=Rastogi-Cruz|first4=Devna|last5=Posener|first5=Joel A.|last6=Heydebrand|first6=Gitry|last7=Miller|first7=J. Philip|last8=Miller|first8=Michael I.|date=2002-12-01|title=Hippocampal deformities in schizophrenia characterized by high dimensional brain mapping|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=159|issue=12|pages=2000–2006|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2000|issn=0002-953X|pmid=12450948}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=L.|last2=Joshi|first2=S. C.|last3=Miller|first3=M. I.|last4=Csernansky|first4=J. G.|date=2001-09-01|title=Statistical analysis of hippocampal asymmetry in schizophrenia|journal=NeuroImage|volume=14|issue=3|pages=531–545|doi=10.1006/nimg.2001.0830|issn=1053-8119|pmid=11506528}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Csernansky|first=John G.|last2=Schindler|first2=Mathew K.|last3=Splinter|first3=N. Reagan|last4=Wang|first4=Lei|last5=Gado|first5=Mohktar|last6=Selemon|first6=Lynn D.|last7=Rastogi-Cruz|first7=Devna|last8=Posener|first8=Joel A.|last9=Thompson|first9=Paul A.|date=2004-05-01|title=Abnormalities of thalamic volume and shape in schizophrenia|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=161|issue=5|pages=896–902|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.896|issn=0002-953X|pmid=15121656}}</ref> Alzheimer's disease,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Csernansky|first=J. G.|last2=Wang|first2=L.|last3=Swank|first3=J.|last4=Miller|first4=J. P.|last5=Gado|first5=M.|last6=McKeel|first6=D.|last7=Miller|first7=M. I.|last8=Morris|first8=J. C.|date=2005-04-15|title=Preclinical detection of Alzheimer's disease: hippocampal shape and volume predict dementia onset in the elderly|journal=NeuroImage|volume=25|issue=3|pages=783–792|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.036|issn=1053-8119|pmid=15808979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Lei|last2=Miller|first2=J. Philp|last3=Gado|first3=Mokhtar H.|last4=McKeel|first4=Daniel W.|last5=Rothermich|first5=Marcus|last6=Miller|first6=Michael I.|last7=Morris|first7=John C.|last8=Csernansky|first8=John G.|date=2006-03-01|title=Abnormalities of hippocampal surface structure in very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type|journal=NeuroImage|volume=30|issue=1|pages=52–60|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.017|issn=1053-8119|pmc=2853193|pmid=16243546}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Lei|last2=Swank|first2=Jeffrey S.|last3=Glick|first3=Irena E.|last4=Gado|first4=Mokhtar H.|last5=Miller|first5=Michael I.|last6=Morris|first6=John C.|last7=Csernansky|first7=John G.|date=2003-10-01|title=Changes in hippocampal volume and shape across time distinguish dementia of the Alzheimer type from healthy aging|journal=NeuroImage|volume=20|issue=2|pages=667–682|doi=10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00361-6|issn=1053-8119|pmid=14568443}}</ref> and Depression,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Posener|first=Joel A.|last2=Wang|first2=Lei|last3=Price|first3=Joseph L.|last4=Gado|first4=Mokhtar H.|last5=Province|first5=Michael A.|last6=Miller|first6=Michael I.|last7=Babb|first7=Casey M.|last8=Csernansky|first8=John G.|date=2003-01-01|title=High-dimensional mapping of the hippocampus in depression|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=160|issue=1|pages=83–89|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.83|issn=0002-953X|pmid=12505805}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munn|first=Melissa A.|last2=Alexopoulos|first2=Jim|last3=Nishino|first3=Tomoyuki|last4=Babb|first4=Casey M.|last5=Flake|first5=Lisa A.|last6=Singer|first6=Tisha|last7=Ratnanather|first7=J. Tilak|last8=Huang|first8=Hongyan|last9=Todd|first9=Richard D.|date=2007-09-01|title=Amygdala Volume Analysis in Female Twins with Major Depression|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=62|issue=5|pages=415–422|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.031|issn=0006-3223|pmc=2904677|pmid=17511971}}</ref> many neuroanatomical shape statistical studies have now been completed using templates built from all of the subcortical structures for depression,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271515359|title=Amygdala and Hippocampal in ADHD: Volumetric and Morphometric Analysis and Relation to Mood Symptoms.|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> Alzheimer's,<ref name="Tang 599–611"/><ref name="Tang 2093–2117"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Anqi|last2=Fennema-Notestine|first2=Christine|last3=Dale|first3=Anders M.|last4=Miller|first4=Michael I.|date=2009-04-15|title=Regional shape abnormalities in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease|journal=NeuroImage|volume=45|issue=3|pages=656–661|issn=1053-8119|pmc=2847795|pmid=19280688|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Anqi|last2=Younes|first2=Laurent|last3=Miller|first3=Michael I.|last4=Csernansky|first4=John G.|date=2008-03-01|title=Parallel Transport in Diffeomorphisms Distinguishes the Time-Dependent Pattern of Hippocampal Surface Deformation due to Healthy Aging and the Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type|journal=NeuroImage|volume=40|issue=1|pages=68–76|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.041|issn=1053-8119|pmc=3517912|pmid=18249009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Michael I.|last2=Younes|first2=Laurent|last3=Ratnanather|first3=J. Tilak|last4=Brown|first4=Timothy|last5=Reigel|first5=Tommy|last6=Trinh|first6=Huong|last7=Tang|first7=Xiaoying|last8=Barker|first8=Peter|last9=Mori|first9=Susumu|date=2012-10-01|title=Amygdala Atrophy in MCI/Alzheimer's Disease in the BIOCARD cohort based on Diffeomorphic Morphometry|journal=Medical Image Computing and Computer-assisted Intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention|volume=2012|pages=155–166|pmc=4063307|pmid=24955432}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Michael I.|last2=Ratnanather|first2=J. Tilak|last3=Tward|first3=Daniel J.|last4=Brown|first4=Timothy|last5=Lee|first5=David S.|last6=Ketcha|first6=Michael|last7=Mori|first7=Kanami|last8=Wang|first8=Mei-Cheng|author8-link= Mei-Cheng Wang |last9=Mori|first9=Susumu|date=2015-01-01|title=Network neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease via MRI based shape diffeomorphometry and high-field atlasing|journal= Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology|pages=54|doi=10.3389/fbioe.2015.00054|pmc=4515983|pmid=26284236|volume=3}}</ref> Bipolar disorder, ADHD,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Anqi|last2=Crocetti|first2=Deana|last3=Adler|first3=Marcy|last4=Mahone|first4=E. Mark|last5=Denckla|first5=Martha B.|last6=Miller|first6=Michael I.|last7=Mostofsky|first7=Stewart H.|date=2009-01-01|title=Basal Ganglia Volume and Shape in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=166|issue=1|pages=74–82|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030426|issn=0002-953X|pmc=2890266|pmid=19015232}}</ref> autism,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(10)00248-0/abstract|title=Basal Ganglia Shapes Predict Social, Communication, and Motor Dysfunctions in Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder - Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=6|pages=539–51, 551.e1–4|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|access-date=2016-03-22|pmid=20494264|year=2010|last1=Qiu|first1=A.|last2=Adler|first2=M.|last3=Crocetti|first3=D.|last4=Miller|first4=M. I.|last5=Mostofsky|first5=S. H.|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.012}}</ref> and Huntington's Disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Younes|first=Laurent|last2=Ratnanather|first2=J. Tilak|last3=Brown|first3=Timothy|last4=Aylward|first4=Elizabeth|last5=Nopoulos|first5=Peg|last6=Johnson|first6=Hans|last7=Magnotta|first7=Vincent A.|last8=Paulsen|first8=Jane S.|last9=Margolis|first9=Russell L.|date=2014-03-01|title=Regionally selective atrophy of subcortical structures in prodromal HD as revealed by statistical shape analysis|journal=Human Brain Mapping|volume=35|issue=3|pages=792–809|doi=10.1002/hbm.22214|issn=1097-0193|pmc=3715588|pmid=23281100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://f1000research.com/posters/1096125|title=f1000research.com/posters/1096125|journal=F1000Research|volume=5|doi=10.7490/f1000research.1096125.1|access-date=2016-03-22|date=2014-07-18|last1=Miller|first1=Michael|last2=Younes|first2=Laurent|last3=Mori|first3=Susumu|last4=Ross|first4=Christopher|last5=Ratnanather|first5=Tilak|last6=Faria|first6=Andreia|last7=Noort|first7=Frieda van den|last8=Van Den Noort|first8=Frieda|last9=Faria|first9=Andreia|last10=Ratnanather|first10=Tilak|last11=Ross|first11=Christopher|last12=Mori|first12=Susumu|last13=Younes|first13=Laurent|last14=Miller|first14=Michael|doi-broken-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> Templates were generated using Bayesian template estimation data back to Ma, Younes and Miller.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Jun|last2=Miller|first2=Michael I.|last3=Younes|first3=Laurent|date=2010-01-01|title=A Bayesian Generative Model for Surface Template Estimation|journal=International Journal of Biomedical Imaging|volume=2010|doi=10.1155/2010/974957|issn=1687-4188|pmc=2946602|pmid=20885934|pages=1–14}}</ref>
Shown in the accompanying Figure is an example of subcortical structure templates generated from T1-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imagery]] by Tang et al.<ref name="Tang 599–611"/><ref name="Tang 2093–2117"/><ref name="Tang 645–660"/> for the study of Alzheimer's disease in the ADNI population of subjects.
