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=== Nuclear reaction ===
Rarely used are direct nuclear reactions in which nuclei are converted into PAC probes by bombardment by high-energy elementary particles or protons. This causes major radiation damage, which must be healed. This method is used with PAD, which belongs to the PAC methods.
== Laboratories ==
The currently largest PAC laboratory in the world is located at [[ISOLDE]] in [[CERN]] with about 10 PAC instruments. Radioactive ion beams are produced at the ISOLDE by bombarding protons from the booster onto target materials (uranium carbide, liquid tin, etc.) and evaporating the spallation products at high temperatures (upto 2000°C), then ionizing them and then accelerating them. With the subsequent mass separation usually very pure isotope beams can be produced, which can be implanted in PAC samples. Of particular interest to the PAC are short-lived isomeric probes such as: <sup>111m</sup>Cd, <sup>199m</sup>Hg, <sup>204m</sup>Pb, and various rare earth probes.
== Theory ==
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