Vision science has noted that although humans take in large amounts of visual information, adults are only able to process, attend to, and hold in memory up to roughly four items from the visual environment. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alvarez|first=G.A.|last2=Cavanagh|first2=P.|date=2004-02|title=The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x|journal=Psychological Science|language=en-US|volume=15|issue=2|pages=106–111|doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x|issn=0956-7976}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luck|first=Steven J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Edward K.|date=1997-11|title=The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/36846|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=390|issue=6657|pages=279–281|doi=10.1038/36846|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Furthermore, scientists have found that this visual upper limit capacity exists across various domainsphenomena including change blindness, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Regan|first=J. Kevin|last2=Deubel|first2=Heiner|last3=Clark|first3=James J.|last4=Rensink|first4=Ronald A.|date=2000-01-01|title=Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/135062800394766|journal=Visual Cognition|volume=7|issue=1-3|pages=191–211|doi=10.1080/135062800394766|issn=1350-6285}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simons|first=Daniel J.|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher F.|date=1999-09-01|title=Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events:|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/p281059|journal=Perception|language=en|doi=10.1068/p281059}}</ref> object-tracking, <ref>Scholl, Scholl, B. J., Pylyshyn, B. J. (1999). Tracking Multiple Items Through Occlusion: Clues to Visual Objecthood. Cognitive psychology, 38(2), 259-290. </ref> and feature representation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luck|first=Steven J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Edward K.|date=1997-11|title=The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/36846|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=390|issue=6657|pages=279–281|doi=10.1038/36846|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>.
=== Low Resolution Representations ===
Additional researchtheories in vision science discoveredpropose that stimuli are represented in the brain individually as small, low resolution, icons stored in templates organized through associative links. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xGJ_DxN3eygC&oi=fnd&pg=PA411&dq=The+iconic+bottleneck+and+the+tenuous+link+between+early+visual+processing+and+perception.+&ots=VtUSEGXtvE&sig=7Q6FbzFnbGsHP6ngmn2b8xpFD98#v=onepage&q=The%20iconic%20bottleneck%20and%20the%20tenuous%20link%20between%20early%20visual%20processing%20and%20perception.&f=false|title=Vision: Coding and Efficiency|last=Adler|first=K.|last2=Pointon|first2=M.|date=1993-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44769-0|language=en}}</ref>
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Ariely 2001 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=2001|title=Seeing Sets: Representation by Statistical Properties|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063604|journal=Psychological Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=157–162|issn=0956-7976}}</ref>
