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== Ensemble Coding Defined ==
* Ensemble perception is the ability to discriminate or reproduce a statistical moment.
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* Ensemble representations can be extracted with a temporal resolution at or beyond the temporal resolution of individual object recognition.” <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Whitney|first=David|last2=Yamanashi Leib|first2=Allison|date=2018|title=Ensemble Perception|url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044232|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=69|issue=1|pages=105–129|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044232|pmid=28892638}}</ref>
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== Opposing Theories ==
Some research has found countering evidence to the theory of ensemble coding.
=== Limited Visual Capacity ===
Vision science has noted that although humans take in large amounts of visual information, adults are only able to process, attend to, and hold in memory up to roughly four items from the visual environment. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alvarez|first=G.A.|last2=Cavanagh|first2=P.|date=2004-02|title=The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x|journal=Psychological Science|language=en-US|volume=15|issue=2|pages=106–111|doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x|issn=0956-7976}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luck|first=Steven J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Edward K.|date=1997-11|title=The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/36846|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=390|issue=6657|pages=279–281|doi=10.1038/36846|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Furthermore, scientists have found that this visual upper limit capacity exists across various phenomena including change blindness, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Regan|first=J. Kevin|last2=Deubel|first2=Heiner|last3=Clark|first3=James J.|last4=Rensink|first4=Ronald A.|date=2000-01-01|title=Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/135062800394766|journal=Visual Cognition|volume=7|issue=1-3|pages=191–211|doi=10.1080/135062800394766|issn=1350-6285}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simons|first=Daniel J.|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher F.|date=1999-09-01|title=Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events:|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/p281059|journal=Perception|language=en|doi=10.1068/p281059}}</ref> object-tracking, <ref>Scholl, Scholl, B. J., Pylyshyn, B. J. (1999). Tracking Multiple Items Through Occlusion: Clues to Visual Objecthood. Cognitive psychology, 38(2), 259-290. </ref> and feature representation. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luck|first=Steven J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Edward K.|date=1997-11|title=The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/36846|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=390|issue=6657|pages=279–281|doi=10.1038/36846|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
=== Low Resolution Representations and Limited Capacity ===
Additional theories in vision science propose that stimuli are represented in the brain individually as small, low resolution, icons stored in templates with limited capacities and are organized through associative links. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xGJ_DxN3eygC&oi=fnd&pg=PA411&dq=The+iconic+bottleneck+and+the+tenuous+link+between+early+visual+processing+and+perception.+&ots=VtUSEGXtvE&sig=7Q6FbzFnbGsHP6ngmn2b8xpFD98#v=onepage&q=The%20iconic%20bottleneck%20and%20the%20tenuous%20link%20between%20early%20visual%20processing%20and%20perception.&f=false|title=Vision: Coding and Efficiency|last=Adler|first=K.|last2=Pointon|first2=M.|date=1993-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44769-0|language=en}}</ref> <ref>Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Cent</ref>
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== The Current Era ==
Seminal findings by Dan Ariely in 2001 on how sets of objects are perceived were the first data to support theories of ensemble coding. Ariely hypothesized that there are likely more efficient ways of dealing with a limited capacity at play. Ariely used a novel experimental paradigm he labeled "mean discrimination". He conducted three studies involving shapes that vary in size. Across all studies participants were able to accurately encode the mean size of the shape set.
Ariely 2001 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=2001|title=Seeing Sets: Representation by Statistical Properties|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063604|journal=Psychological Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=157–162|issn=0956-7976}}</ref>▼
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Chong & Treisman 2003 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chong|first=Sang Chul|last2=Treisman|first2=Anne|date=2003-02-01|title=Representation of statistical properties|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698902005965|journal=Vision Research|volume=43|issue=4|pages=393–404|doi=10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00596-5|issn=0042-6989}}</ref>
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== Levels of Ensemble Coding ==
All levels suggest the ability to obtain a statistical average and variance of groups or multiple groups.
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