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== The Current Era ==
Seminal findings by Dan Ariely in 2001 were the first data to support theories of ensemble coding. Ariely used novel experimental paradigms he labeled "mean discrimination" and "member identification" to examine how sets of objects are perceived. He conducted three studies involving shape ensembles that varied in size. Across all studies participants were able to accurately encode the mean size of the ensemble, but they were inaccurate when asked if a certain circle was apart of the set. Ariely's findings were the first that found statistical summary information emerge in the visual perception of grouped objects. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=2001|title=Seeing Sets: Representation by Statistical Properties|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063604|journal=Psychological Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=157–162|issn=0956-7976}}</ref>
Consistent with Ariely's findings,<ref name=":1" /> follow up research conducted by Sang Chul Chong and Anne Treisman in 2003, provided evidence that participants are engaging in summary statistical processes. Their research revealed that participant's maintained high accuracy in encoding the mean size of the stimuli even with short stimuli presentations (50ms), memory delays, and circle distribution differences. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chong|first=Sang Chul|last2=Treisman|first2=Anne|date=2003-02-01|title=Representation of statistical properties|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698902005965|journal=Vision Research|volume=43|issue=4|pages=393–404|doi=10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00596-5|issn=0042-6989}}</ref>
Additional work has demonstrated that ensemble coding isn't limited to the mean, <ref name=":1" /> but line orientation, <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dakin|first=S. C.|last2=Watt|first2=R. J.|date=1997-11-01|title=The computation of orientation statistics from visual texture|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698997001338|journal=Vision Research|volume=37|issue=22|pages=3181–3192|doi=10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00133-8|issn=0042-6989}}</ref> spatial ___location, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Alvarez|first=George A.|last2=Oliva|first2=Aude|date=2008-04-01|title=The Representation of Simple Ensemble Visual Features Outside the Focus of Attention|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02098.x|journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=392–398|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02098.x|issn=0956-7976|pmc=PMC2587223|pmid=18399893}}</ref> number, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Halberda|first=Justin|last2=Sires|first2=Sean F.|last3=Feigenson|first3=Lisa|date=2006-07-01|title=Multiple Spatially Overlapping Sets Can Be Enumerated in Parallel|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01746.x|journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=17|issue=7|pages=572–576|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01746.x|issn=0956-7976}}</ref> and additional statistical summaries like the variances<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solomon|first=Joshua A.|last2=Morgan|first2=Michael|last3=Chubb|first3=Charles|date=2011-10-01|title=Efficiencies for the statistics of size discrimination|url=http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2121004|journal=Journal of Vision|language=en|volume=11|issue=12|pages=13–13|doi=10.1167/11.12.13|issn=1534-7362|pmc=PMC4135075|pmid=22011381}}</ref> are detected.
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== Social Ensemble Coding ==
Social ensemble coding merges methods from the field of [[social vision]] and [[vision science]].
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