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'''Ensemble coding''', also known as '''ensemble perception''' or '''summary representation''', is the ability to see the average or variance of a group of objects. It is a theory that suggests that people process the general gist of their complex visual surroundings by grouping objects together based on shared properties. It has been demonstrated that individuals have the ability quickly and accurately encode ensembles and gather summary statistical information (like the mean and variance) from groups of stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Alt NP, Goodale B, Lick DJ, Johnson KL |date= March 2019 |title=Threat in the Company of Men: Ensemble Perception and Threat Evaluations of Groups Varying in Sex Ratio|journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1177/1948550617731498|issn=1948-5506}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA | title = Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition | language = en-US | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 122–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21292539 | doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.003 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/41364280 }}</ref> The world is filled with redundant information of which our visual systems have become particularly sensitive to.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Whitney D, Haberman J, Sweeny T. 2014. From textures to crowds: multiple levels of summary statistical
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=== Limited visual capacity ===
Vision science has noted that although humans take in large amounts of visual information, adults are only able to process, attend to, and hold in memory up to roughly four items from the visual environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez GA, Cavanagh P | title = The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects | language = en-US | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–11 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14738517 | doi = 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x | url = http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41302706 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Luck SJ, Vogel EK | title = The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions | journal = Nature | volume = 390 | issue = 6657 | pages = 279–81 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9384378 | doi = 10.1038/36846 | bibcode = 1997Natur.390..279L }}</ref> Furthermore, scientists have found that this visual upper limit capacity exists across various phenomena including change blindness,<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Regan |first=J. Kevin |last2=Deubel |first2=Heiner |last3=Clark |first3=James J. |last4=Rensink |first4=Ronald A. | name-list-format = vanc |date=2000-01-01|title=Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking|journal=Visual Cognition|volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=191–211|doi=10.1080/135062800394766|issn=1350-6285}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simons DJ, Chabris CF | title = Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events | journal = Perception | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 1059–74 | date = 1999-09-01 | pmid = 10694957 | doi = 10.1068/p281059 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/44886a79b858115854c6c949c3799c2148016b75 }}</ref> object-tracking,<ref name="Scholl_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scholl BJ, Pylyshyn ZW | title = Tracking multiple items through occlusion: clues to visual objecthood | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–90 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10090804 | doi = 10.1006/cogp.1998.0698 }}</ref> and feature representation.<ref
=== Low resolution representations and limited capacity ===
Additional theories in vision science propose that stimuli are represented in the brain individually as small, low resolution, icons stored in templates with limited capacities and are organized through associative links.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Nakayama K | chapter = The iconic bottleneck and the tenuous link between early visual processing and perception. | veditors = Adler K, Pointon M | title = Vision: Coding and efficiency |url=https://books.google.com/?id=xGJ_DxN3eygC&pg=PA411&dq=The+iconic+bottleneck+and+the+tenuous+link+between+early+visual+processing+and+perception.+#v=onepage&q=The%20iconic%20bottleneck%20and%20the%20tenuous%20link%20between%20early%20visual%20processing%20and%20perception.&f=false |date=1993-05-13 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44769-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Neisser U | date = 1967 | title = Cognitive Psychology | ___location = New York | publisher = Appleton-Cent }}</ref>
== History ==
Throughout its history ensemble coding has taken on many names. Interest in the topic began to emerge in the early 20th century.<ref name=":6" /> In its earliest years ensemble coding was known as Gestalt grouping.<ref name=":6" /> In 1923, Max Wertheimer, a Gestalt theorist, was addressing how we perceive our visual world holistically rather than individually.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wertheimer M | title = Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt. II. | trans-title = Investigations into the teaching of the form | language = German | journal = Psychological Research | date = January 1923 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 301–50 | doi = 10.1007/BF00410640 }}</ref>
== Current era ==
Seminal findings by Dan Ariely in 2001 were the first data to support theories of ensemble coding. Ariely used novel experimental paradigms he labeled "mean discrimination" and "member identification" to examine how sets of objects are perceived. He conducted three studies involving shape ensembles that varied in size. Across all studies participants were able to accurately encode the mean size of the ensemble, but they were inaccurate when asked if a certain circle was
Consistent with Ariely's findings,<ref name=":1" /> follow up research conducted by Sang Chul Chong and Anne Treisman in 2003, provided evidence that participants are engaging in summary statistical processes. Their research revealed that participant's maintained high accuracy in encoding the mean size of the stimuli even with short stimuli presentations (50ms), memory delays, and circle distribution differences.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chong SC, Treisman A | title = Representation of statistical properties | journal = Vision Research | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 393–404 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12535996 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00596-5 }}</ref>
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=== Low ===
Low-level ensemble coding has been observed in the perception of size,<ref name=":2" /> motion,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Watamaniuk SN, Sekuler R, Williams DW | title = Direction perception in complex dynamic displays: the integration of direction information | journal = Vision Research | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–59 | date = 1989-01-01 | pmid = 2773336 | doi = 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90173-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Watamaniuk SN, McKee SP | title = Simultaneous encoding of direction at a local and global scale | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–200 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9529903 | doi = 10.3758/BF03206028 }}</ref> number,<ref name=":5" /> line orientation,<ref name=":3" /> and spacial ___location.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />
=== High ===
High-level ensemble coding involves social perception.<ref name=":0" />
== Social ensemble coding ==
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Uncategorized|date=November 2019}}
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